0 HEAD 1 SOUR Legacy 2 VERS 6.0 2 NAME Legacy (R) 2 CORP Millennia Corp. 3 ADDR PO Box 9410 4 CONT Surprise, AZ 85374 1 DEST Gedcom55 1 DATE 2 Oct 2006 1 SUBM @S0@ 1 FILE josephsmithsr.ged 1 GEDC 2 VERS 5.5 2 FORM LINEAGE-LINKED 1 CHAR ANSI 0 @S0@ SUBM 1 NAME Michael A. Kennedy 1 ADDR 595 West 800 South 2 CONT Alpine, UT 84004 1 PHON 801 756 1091 1 _EMAIL mkennedy@xmission.com 1 _URL www.josephsmithsr.com 0 @I239@ INDI 1 NAME Mr. /Ben Lamech/ 2 GIVN Mr. 2 SURN Ben Lamech 2 SOUR @S3@ 3 PAGE 10-11 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME /Ben Lamech/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Ben Lamech 1 SEX M 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID DB6BA6B2F5CE41AEB507FE6692191390BE25 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11636@ 0 @I1520@ INDI 1 NAME Boudewijn /Van Nortike Or Van Noordwijck/ 2 GIVN Boudewijn 2 SURN Van Nortike Or Van Noordwijck 1 NAME /Van Nortike Or Van Noordwijck/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Van Nortike Or Van Noordwijck 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 1245 2 PLAC Noordwijk-Binnen, Zeeland, Netherlands 1 DEAT Y 1 AFN F83M-M6 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 414AB8402C5F4283BB6CFC9FA376BB9A03D7 1 BAPL 2 DATE 27 May 1994 2 TEMP SDIEG 1 ENDL 2 DATE 8 Aug 1998 2 TEMP SEATT 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F625@ 1 NOTE @NI1520@ 0 @NI1520@ NOTE 1 CONC See citation for source under Everard Van Northge. 1 CONT 1 CONT The story continues: "During the days of Bishop Otto III 1 CONC , brother of Count (of Holland) Floris IV, the youthfyl Bou 1 CONC dewyn van Nortteke who was commanded to the court of Coun 1 CONC t William II, was held "in favor and high esteem" at the co 1 CONC urt of the Count. At that time Bishop Otto had a natural d 1 CONC aughter named Aliedis, who was thought to be the very perso 1 CONC n to make Boudewyn happy. Floris, the brother of Count Wil 1 CONC liam II, had already granted the amiable Boudewyn tithes an 1 CONC d right of control of 110 morgens (2471/2 acres) of land be 1 CONC tween Vennum and Warmonde in the manor of Venno (1252) [a.d 1 CONC .] The marriage was arranged by Count Floris V. The coun 1 CONC t gave then on Feb. 1st 1269 a dowry of 200 Dutch Pounds ou 1 CONC t of the grain and small tithes near Soestermeer, and on Ja 1 CONC n 25th, 1272, this Boudewyn was enfeoffed with land of Boec 1 CONC horst, located in Norteke's second manor, under the jurisdi 1 CONC ction of the manor lord Hugo van Noirtich. The fuedal dee 1 CONC d reads as follows: "Floernts, Count of Holland, salutatio 1 CONC ns to all who see this. Be it known to all that we hereb 1 CONC y have sold the land located located near Nortekke which i 1 CONC s commonly known as Boechorst, bordering to the West on th 1 CONC e lands of Gerard, called Bloete (see Charter of 1293), t 1 CONC o the East on a moat that separates this grove from our Haa 1 CONC rlemerhout ('woods of Haarlem') to the South on the land o 1 CONC f Viscount Diederik, knight, and that of the children of Di 1 CONC ederik van Kerkwerven, and to the North on the land which i 1 CONC s called Made, to Bauduine de Nortekke, holder of this dee 1 CONC d from us and our successors to be held in fief under the c 1 CONC ondition that in case said Baudewyn shall leave a son, th 1 CONC e estate will transfer to him, but in case a son is lackin 1 CONC g to his eldest legal daughter, this feif from one to the o 1 CONC ther but preferably along the male line." According to th 1 CONC e certificate of sale of Boekhorst in 1785 a hunting lodg 1 CONC e was built in this grove already in 732 by a count or lega 1 CONC l representative of this district during the days of Charle 1 CONC s Martel (the Frankish king who defeated the Saracens at To 1 CONC ur in 732 and stopped the Mohammedan invasion of Europe an 1 CONC d was the grandfather of Charlemagne). Boudewyn van Nortte 1 CONC ke having come into posession of a wife of Count-like and e 1 CONC cclesiastical blood and the extensive territory of Boechors 1 CONC t, had his children adopt the family name of Van der Boecho 1 CONC rst and the family coat of arms of the lion of sable (black 1 CONC ) with red tongue and claws. He or presumably his successo 1 CONC r Floris van der Boechorst, founded a castle on his "horst 1 CONC " along the Dood-of-Langenwelderweg, 25 minutes north of th 1 CONC e chapel of den Houte which remained an adornment of den Ho 1 CONC ute until the 18th century. It was an especially solid bui 1 CONC lding with a double drawbridge in the front. There were se 1 CONC veral halls and rooms within. Aside from the cellars the b 1 CONC uilding was three stories high with very thick inside and o 1 CONC utside walls on which a heavy vault rested; a parapet was o 1 CONC n top with embrasures with 16 guns behind this. The roof 1 CONC s were covered with slate of unusually large dimension. Th 1 CONC e castle was surrounded by moats and equipped with two heav 1 CONC y covered gates. A large cruciform church and some farmhou 1 CONC ses in its vicinity were outside the moat. William Nagel an 1 CONC d his successor Floris van der Boechorst (1378) were chapli 1 CONC ns of this chapel. It contained three family vaults: "Acco 1 CONC rding to Mr. Van der 1 CONT 1 CONT 1--the family Nortteke, Boudewyn, lord of Boechorst, and th 1 CONC e lords den Hout, Willem, Hugo and Jan van Nortteke; coat o 1 CONC f arms: a lion of sable on a field of silver.Klooster's ge 1 CONC nealogical chart 1 CONT 1 CONT 2--the family De Witte Gerrit de Witte, bailiff of Noortwy 1 CONC ck and Noortwyckerhout in 1561, and Cornelis de Whitte, th 1 CONC e same in 1572; coat of arms carved in tombstone: Three (b 1 CONC lack) greyhounds on a field of silver, and Willem 1 CONT 1 CONT 3--the family's Gravesande (coat of arms: a golden lion o 1 CONC n a red field.) 1 CONT 1 CONT It has been asserted that after the building of the Boechor 1 CONC st church the chapel at Langeveld was founded at a distanc 1 CONC e of 40 stadia away from the cruciform church because the H 1 CONC oly Sepulcher was the same distance away from Jerusalem; th 1 CONC is according to ancient custom. A younger branch of the lo 1 CONC rds Van der Boechorst founded a castle Boekenburgh, also ca 1 CONC lled Boechorstenburg, at the beginning of the 14th century 1 CONC , located between "die Hoffenne (Offem) and Voerhoute 1 CONC . . . .had another son named Boudewyn who obtained the cast 1 CONC le of 1 CONT 1 CONT If trade was observed here during the Roman period, it disa 1 CONC ppeared again in the beginning of the 5th century with th 1 CONC e departure of the Roman legions, but when the mighty influ 1 CONC ence of Charlemagne organized society a market place was in 1 CONC stituted between the cannals and also a lodging place for p 1 CONC assing travelers and temporily residing merchants. Throug 1 CONC h this new social activity a new "Vicus" or village soon de 1 CONC veloped in the district 'North of the Rhine' which, after h 1 CONC aving been known by various names (originally, Northgo--'go 1 CONC ' was the ancient word for district which later became 'wyc 1 CONC k', officially was named Noortwyck (after the Latin forms 1 CONC : Nordivicus, Nordivici, Nordvicensis) by letter of paten 1 CONC t from Emperor Charles V of March 31, 1554 'voor Paeschen 1 CONC ' (before Easter) in which jurisdiction was granted to th 1 CONC e village under bailiffs and magistrates (schepens) (severa 1 CONC l members of the family in various branches serves in thes 1 CONC e offices). "After Counsel with his advisers, the Count wi 1 CONC thdrew the charter of the 'city privilege of Noertich' an 1 CONC d granted another charter dated March 12, 1398. . . contain 1 CONC ing the following conditions: Boekhorst 1 CONT 1 CONT 1. Those of Noortich and Hoortich Manor will serve the Cou 1 CONC nt in war, when called to do so, with 6 oars. . . . for th 1 CONC e tax they will give 8 oars, the same as others in the Rhin 1 CONC eland and they will pay the levy, the customary amount as u 1 CONC p to now. in 1273. 1 CONT 1 CONT 2. Freedom from tolls on land and water in Holland and Zee 1 CONC land including. . . . freedom from toll past the tolls of H 1 CONC eusden as was enjoyed in the cities of Holland. "He marrie 1 CONC d Aleid, illegitimate daughter of Otto III, Bishop of 1 CONT 1 CONT 3. Right of redemption of cattle. . . . 1 CONT 1 CONT 4. Right to set bond for official violators. 1 CONT 1 CONT Thus Noordwyjk remained a village and manor. For a good ce 1 CONC ntury and a half justice was administered by assizes and ne 1 CONC ighbors until, by request of the manor lord to the Empero 1 CONC r Charles V, the inhabitants of Noortwyck were granted th 1 CONC e right to 'carry out justice through a bailiff and magistr 1 CONC ates chosen and installed by the manor lord. . . March 31 1 CONC , 1554. '(Floris of our Adrian branch was bailiff and judg 1 CONC e of Noordwijk before his death in 1509.). . . 1 CONT 1 CONT . . . According to Mr, Van der Klooster's genealogical char 1 CONC t Willem had another son named Boudewyn who obtained the ca 1 CONC stle of Boekhorst in 1273. He married Aleid, illegitimat 1 CONC e daughter of Otto III, Bishop of Utrecht son of Willem I 1 CONC , Count of Holland. They had a son, Sir Floris van der Boe 1 CONC khorst, knight, 1303-38, from whom our Adriaan branch is su 1 CONC ppose to descend. He had a direct descendant Sir Jan van d 1 CONC er Boekhorst, knight, who was "granted the Manor of Noirtic 1 CONC h (Noordwijk) on Feb. 2, 1438 by Margriete of Burgundy, wid 1 CONC ow of William of Bavaria, from which transaction the origio 1 CONC nal feudal letter has been reproduced for the benefit of th 1 CONC e readers as follows: "Margriete of Burgundy, by Grace o 1 CONC f God, Countess Palatine of the Rhine, Duchess of Bavaria 1 CONC , Countess of Hainault, of Holland, of Zeeland, of Friedlan 1 CONC d, makes known to everyone that we for many faithful servic 1 CONC es done us by our faithful Jan van der Boekhorst in the pas 1 CONC t performed manyfold, daily does, and so God wills will con 1 CONC tinue to perform, to the same from right favor and love bor 1 CONC ne him with due foresight and deliberation, have given thi 1 CONC s document, our manor of our village of Noirtich, with ever 1 CONC y belonging, in manners stipulated herein, to wit, in the f 1 CONC irst instance that he shall have said manor and shall retai 1 CONC n all infringements, penalties and judgements imposed by ou 1 CONC r bailiff within our Manor of Noirtich, the third penny lik 1 CONC ewise in the same manner as our manor lords in the bailiwic 1 CONC k of Rhineland have thereof. And likewise so shall he als 1 CONC o have the wind privilege and our mill at Noirtich, and als 1 CONC o the bailiffship there and each with all utility and profi 1 CONC t, that he may derive thereof, without that he or his heir 1 CONC s or descendants, for undetermined duration will have to gi 1 CONC ve account of justification thereof to us or to our heirs a 1 CONC nd descendants. But that he will safely retain all such mo 1 CONC nies as will be derived from our bailiffship of Noirtich, w 1 CONC ill exempt or concede without we or our heirs of the counts 1 CONC hip of Holland having any claim thereto or in any way objec 1 CONC ting to this. Which aforementioned, our manor of our villa 1 CONC ge Noirtich, with everything pertaining thereto, as specifi 1 CONC ed before, will be retained my old faithful Jan van der Boe 1 CONC khorst, aforementioned, and his heirs and descendants fro 1 CONC m us and from our heirs and descendants Counts or Countesse 1 CONC s of Holland, as an everlasting feudal legacy, in accordanc 1 CONC e with and conditionally as explained hereafter, to be take 1 CONC n, that after the death of our faithful aforementioned th 1 CONC e same our manorial estate will go to his eldest son or dau 1 CONC ghter, who will have survived him, from his marriage to Eli 1 CONC zabeth van Alckemade, his legal spouse, and in all instance 1 CONC s the male person having priority over the female person, a 1 CONC s they both have equal kinship, and in case our aforementio 1 CONC ned would depart without leaving offspring by his aforement 1 CONC ioned wife, our manorial liege and heritage will go to hi 1 CONC s eldest son or daughter as he may have begotten and will h 1 CONC ave left. And as we want to keep the aforementioned stipul 1 CONC ations, and each one in particular, steadily and without vi 1 CONC olation, so we believe that our heirs and descendants our f 1 CONC aithful Jan van der Boekhorst will steady and reinforce hi 1 CONC m herein against anyone who would cause him hindrance, inju 1 CONC ry, nuisance, loss or difficulty in any manner. Hereby pre 1 CONC sent were our faithful counsellor and vassel, as our govern 1 CONC or in our Dutch dowage, Knight of Poelgeest, Lord of Hoichm 1 CONC ade and Lord of Treslong. This charter placed under seal a 1 CONC nd issued at our castle at Teylingen on the feast day of Ou 1 CONC r Lady's purification in the year of Our Lord one thousan 1 CONC d four hundred and thirty-eight, as customary at the cour 1 CONC t of Holland." 0 @I1522@ INDI 1 NAME Aleidis or Aleda /Van Holland/ 2 GIVN Aleidis or Aleda 2 SURN Van Holland 1 NAME /Van Holland/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Van Holland 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 1249 2 PLAC Noordwijk-Binnen, Zeeland, Netherlands 1 DEAT Y 1 AFN 7Z12-FT 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 51D335A6043D4AC5BEF18DD5276415DADA2B 1 BAPL 2 DATE 12 Sep 1986 2 TEMP OGDEN 1 ENDL 2 DATE 9 Oct 1986 2 TEMP OGDEN 1 SLGC 2 DATE 7 Nov 1986 2 TEMP OGDEN 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F625@ 1 FAMC @F7765@ 1 NOTE @NI1522@ 0 @NI1522@ NOTE 1 CONC Was daughter of Otto III Bishop of Utrecht and sister of Co 1 CONC unty Floris IV of Holland. 0 @I1555@ INDI 1 NAME Adalbert II The Rich /Di Tuscania/ 2 GIVN Adalbert II The Rich 2 SURN Di Tuscania 2 NSFX 5th margrave of Tuscany , count of Lucca 2 SOUR @S5@ 3 PAGE Table I House of Tusculum 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME /Of Tuscany/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Tuscany 2 NSFX 5th Margrave of Tuscany , Count of Lucca 1 NAME Adalbert II The Rich /Of Tuscany/ 2 GIVN Adalbert II The Rich 2 SURN Of Tuscany 2 NSFX 5th margrave of Tuscany , count of Lucca 2 SOUR @S5@ 3 PAGE Table I House of Tusculum 3 QUAY 3 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 850 2 PLAC , Toscana Region, Italy 1 DEAT 2 DATE 19 Aug 915 2 PLAC Lucca, Tuscany, Italy 1 BURI 2 DATE Aft 19 Aug 915 2 PLAC Lucca Cathedral, Lucca, Tuscany, Italy 1 SOUR @S4@ 2 PAGE 437 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 905FB6958A54492DB4CCB843FBBE30180A0A 1 BAPL 2 DATE 19 Mar 1993 2 TEMP SGEOR 1 ENDL 2 DATE 26 Mar 1993 2 TEMP SGEOR 1 SLGC 2 DATE 26 Mar 1993 2 TEMP SGEOR 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F81171@ 1 FAMC @F84735@ 0 @I2414@ INDI 1 NAME Isabelle // 2 GIVN Isabelle 1 SEX F 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID C317E150FD6247E596F457761CED7B970844 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F55031@ 0 @I3506@ INDI 1 NAME Mebd /Lethderg/ 2 GIVN Mebd 2 SURN Lethderg 1 NAME /Lethderg/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Lethderg 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 PLAC , , Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 81722A93944F488A8F861C524F6785E60945 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F11608@ 0 @I3507@ INDI 1 NAME Caibre Cluitheachair /Niadh Or Nia Corb/ 2 GIVN Caibre Cluitheachair 2 SURN Niadh Or Nia Corb 1 NAME /Cluitheachair/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Cluitheachair 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 0035 2 PLAC of Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID B1EC76E705074F7C855BED0FB6E1CB2332C0 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F20074@ 0 @I3508@ INDI 1 NAME Mes Corb /Mac Niadh Or Nia Corb/ 2 GIVN Mes Corb 2 SURN Mac Niadh Or Nia Corb 1 NAME /Corb/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Corb 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 0040 2 PLAC of Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 22C3BE05AE3A45A3B9A43C6ABBE09431DBE8 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F20074@ 0 @I3509@ INDI 1 NAME Cormac Cacch /Mac Niadh Or Nia Corb/ 2 GIVN Cormac Cacch 2 SURN Mac Niadh Or Nia Corb 1 NAME /Cacch/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Cacch 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 0050 2 PLAC of Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID A5B7010BE637481681BFF5AA4B6DF052BC57 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F20074@ 0 @I3510@ INDI 1 NAME Mogh Corb /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Mogh Corb 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NSFX king of Leinster 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME /Corb/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Corb 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 0060 B.C. 2 PLAC , , Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 641 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 3E6C5E1917494D1DA568596CEE615394F322 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1355@ 0 @I3511@ INDI 1 NAME Conchobhair Abhraoidhruaidh or Conchabhar Abharadhblis /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Conchobhair Abhraoidhruaidh or Conchabhar Abharadhblis 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NSFX 99th Monarch of Ireland 1 NAME Conchobhar /Abhraoidhruaidh/ 2 GIVN Conchobhar 2 SURN Abhraoidhruaidh 1 NAME Concobar Abra-Ruadh /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Concobar Abra-Ruadh 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NSFX 99th Monarch Of Ireland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 0080 B.C. 2 PLAC , Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 0007 B.C. 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 430 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 641 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID E4C3464E73D6487792510E8A890128C83818 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1355@ 1 FAMC @F1356@ 0 @I3512@ INDI 1 NAME Fionn Filé or Finn File The Poet /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Fionn Filé or Finn File The Poet 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NSFX king of Ireland 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 2 SOUR @S6@ 3 PAGE page 641 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NSFX King Of Ireland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 100 B.C. 2 PLAC , Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 0007 B.C. 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 641 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 3BB2E3F8339F4143B30802A0D1D04FFE698A 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1356@ 1 FAMC @F1357@ 0 @I3513@ INDI 1 NAME Ros or Roussa Ruadh /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Ros or Roussa Ruadh 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NSFX king of Leinster 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Rosa Ruadh /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Rosa Ruadh 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NSFX King Of Leinster 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 125 B.C. 2 PLAC , Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT 2 PLAC , Leinster Province, Ireland 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 641 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 96D581E1CF8A439CA6E1C587A97EB923DB5D 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1357@ 1 FAMC @F1358@ 0 @I3514@ INDI 1 NAME Fearghus /Fairrge/ 2 GIVN Fearghus 2 SURN Fairrge 2 NSFX king of Ulster 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Fergus Fargi // 2 GIVN Fergus Fargi 2 SURN 1 NAME /Fairrge/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Fairrge 2 NSFX King Of Ulster 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 145 B.C. 2 PLAC of , Ulster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 641 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 473BB4CA564D4FC78225D8EE9CE447B5A293 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1358@ 1 FAMC @F1359@ 0 @I3515@ INDI 1 NAME Oilill /Mor/ 2 GIVN Oilill 2 SURN Mor 1 NAME /Mor/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Mor 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID C247660B77F845F08391A98FEA59EBD169F4 1 SLGC 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1357@ 0 @I3516@ INDI 1 NAME Caibre /Niafer/ 2 GIVN Caibre 2 SURN Niafer 1 NAME /Niafer/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Niafer 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 45BBAA00F9B8484FBAA05DB37928E4B1926E 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1357@ 0 @I3517@ INDI 1 NAME Lugaidh // 2 GIVN Lugaidh 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID F43EC67AF6AC4FB5B77A808ADC0B0CF238A2 1 SLGC 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1357@ 0 @I3518@ INDI 1 NAME Alt // 2 GIVN Alt 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 89ECC371E5BF4F9A9D3A8C59B664359DDECA 1 SLGC 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1357@ 0 @I3519@ INDI 1 NAME Nuadhas The Snow White /Neacht/ 2 GIVN Nuadhas The Snow White 2 SURN Neacht 2 NPFX King Of Leinster 2 NSFX 96th Monarch of Ireland 1 NAME Nuadha Nect // 2 GIVN Nuadha Nect 2 SURN 1 NAME /Neacht/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Neacht 2 NPFX King Of Leinster 2 NSFX 96th Monarch Of Ireland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Bef 110 B.C. 2 PLAC , Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 109 B.C. 2 PLAC Battle of Cliach, Ui Drona, Barony Idrone, County Carlow, Leinster Province, Ireland 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 641 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 53BB3F59D3C84B1EAB96EC77AE640AB21C8B 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1359@ 1 FAMC @F1360@ 1 NOTE @NI3519@ 0 @NI3519@ NOTE 1 CONC TITL The White 0 @I3520@ INDI 1 NAME Blaine // 2 GIVN Blaine 1 SEX F 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID A1FBC333A2C5464389E13726FB581F36F10B 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1359@ 0 @I3521@ INDI 1 NAME Baoisgne // 2 GIVN Baoisgne 2 NSFX o'biscne 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX O'biscne 1 NAME Baeisgni // 2 GIVN Baeisgni 2 SURN 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 641 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 1AD1E032574540728A7B62BEA05A31A6417B 1 SLGC 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #1 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1359@ 1 NOTE @NI3521@ 0 @NI3521@ NOTE 1 CONC ...from whom descended Comhal, the father of Finn Mac Comha 1 CONC il, commonly called Fingal by the Anglo-Scotch 0 @I3522@ INDI 1 NAME Gnathaltach or Gnathallach // 2 GIVN Gnathaltach or Gnathallach 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID F4F1FB03EE7E4D5F8B12780335D6F79FB4C3 1 SLGC 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1359@ 0 @I3523@ INDI 1 NAME Seadna or Sedna /Siothbhac/ 2 GIVN Seadna or Sedna 2 SURN Siothbhac 2 NSFX king of Leinster 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Sedna Sithbac // 2 GIVN Sedna Sithbac 2 SURN 1 NAME /Siothbhac/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Siothbhac 2 NSFX King Of Leinster 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 180 B.C. 2 PLAC , Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT 2 PLAC of Rath Alinne 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID C85BB57BA3FE444F893B530B9E69EBBD584B 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1360@ 1 FAMC @F1361@ 1 NOTE @NI3523@ 0 @NI3523@ NOTE 1 CONC Built royal city of Rath Alinne 0 @I3524@ INDI 1 NAME Luaghaide Luy or Lughaidh Luy /Liothfhionn/ 2 GIVN Luaghaide Luy or Lughaidh Luy 2 SURN Liothfhionn 2 NSFX king of Leinster 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME /Liothfhionn/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Liothfhionn 2 NSFX King of Leinster 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 200 B.C. 2 PLAC of Barrow, Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT 2 PLAC of Barrow, Leinster Province, Ireland 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID F448C08394A74E9986B83C8B02D38F1B253A 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1361@ 1 FAMC @F1362@ 1 NOTE @NI3524@ 0 @NI3524@ NOTE 1 CONC Anscestor of the Kings, nobility, and gentry of Leinster, a 1 CONC ll territory on the north side of the river Bearbha now th 1 CONC e river Barrow, from Wicklow to Drogheda. 0 @I3525@ INDI 1 NAME Breassal /Breac/ 2 GIVN Breassal 2 SURN Breac 2 NSFX king of Leinster 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Bresal Brec // 2 GIVN Bresal Brec 2 SURN 1 NAME /Breac/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Breac 2 NSFX king of Leinster 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 220 B.C. 2 PLAC of Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 641 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 043C853420E84C5B97BB851A7D7F5A94837F 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1362@ 1 FAMC @F1363@ 0 @I3526@ INDI 1 NAME Firacha Fobrug /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Firacha Fobrug 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NSFX king of Leinster 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Fiacaidh Fobrec /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Fiacaidh Fobrec 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NSFX King Of Leinster 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 240 B.C. 2 PLAC of Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 641 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 053F8309EA364806A50DD98B434B6BB805BB 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1363@ 1 FAMC @F11726@ 0 @I3527@ INDI 1 NAME Laoghaire Lorc or Laeghaire Lorc, The Fierce One /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Laoghaire Lorc or Laeghaire Lorc, The Fierce One 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NPFX King Of Leinster 2 NSFX 68th Monarch of Ireland 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Laegari Lorc /Of Leinster/ 2 GIVN Laegari Lorc 2 SURN Of Leinster 2 NPFX King Of Leinster 2 NSFX 68th Monarch Of Ireland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 625 B.C. 2 PLAC of River Liffey, Leinster Province, Ireland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 591 B.C. 2 PLAC Carman, County Wexford, Leinster Province, Ireland 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Notes 2 DATE 593 B.C. 2 PLAC , , , Ireland 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 _UID 55CA2174B48D4B47B8B165562D9F6127FFE1 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F16727@ 1 NOTE @NI3527@ 0 @NI3527@ NOTE 1 CONC It is said he was assassinated by his brother Colethach Cao 1 CONC l-bhreagh. 0 @I3533@ INDI 1 NAME Milesius or Mileag Espaine or Hispania /Of Spain/ 2 GIVN Milesius or Mileag Espaine or Hispania 2 SURN Of Spain 2 NSFX king of Braganza Spain 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Galamh // 2 GIVN Galamh 2 SURN 1 NAME Gallamn or Golamh Scythian Spelling // 2 GIVN Gallamn or Golamh Scythian Spelling 2 SURN 1 NAME Milesius of Spain or Mileag Espaine or Hispania // 2 GIVN Milesius of Spain or Mileag Espaine or Hispania 2 SURN 2 NSFX King of Braganza Spain 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Misisius Galamb // 2 GIVN Misisius Galamb 2 SURN 1 NAME Milesius /King Of Ireland/ 2 GIVN Milesius 2 SURN King Of Ireland 2 NSFX A Quo Milesians 1 NAME /Of Spain/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Spain 2 NSFX King Of Braganza Spain 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Brigantia, Now Corunna, Galicia, Spain 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 DEAT 2 DATE Bef 1699 B.C. 2 PLAC Braganza, Spain 2 CAUS Died of pestilence that lasted one day 3 SOUR @S11@ 4 PAGE page35 4 QUAY 3 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S9@ 2 PAGE 10 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S11@ 2 PAGE page35 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 RESI lived there three months 2 PLAC Taprobane Island 2 SOUR @S11@ 3 PAGE page35 3 QUAY 3 1 RESI lived there eight years 2 PLAC , , Egypt 2 SOUR @S11@ 3 PAGE page35 3 QUAY 3 1 RESI was there a month 2 PLAC Dacia 1 RESI lived there 30 years after leaving Egypt 2 PLAC , , Spain 2 SOUR @S11@ 3 PAGE page35 3 QUAY 3 1 _UID D605F15EA99C4EF68688F43F2CE4DCB69696 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 2 FAMC @F16690@ 1 SLGC 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 2 FAMC @F11603@ 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1407@ 1 FAMS @F1369@ 1 FAMC @F16690@ 1 FAMC @F11603@ 1 NOTE @NI3533@ 0 @NI3533@ NOTE 1 CONC The Gaelic Migration to Ireland 1 CONT 1 CONT "Researchers interested in tracing climatic changes of th 1 CONC e past tell us that in the 1,000's B.C. southern Europe suf 1 CONC fered a long, hot, dry climatic change. Irish tradition pla 1 CONC ces Mile in Spain during this period. The old records sa 1 CONC y that the heads of the Gaelic clans were called together a 1 CONC nd the seriousness of the situation discusses as many of th 1 CONC eir cattle were dying for lack of grass. A decision was rea 1 CONC ched that they should undertake a move to the "Green Island 1 CONC ." 1 CONT 1 CONT The Druids had predicted for several generations that the G 1 CONC aels would have a homeland on an island far to the west. T 1 CONC he trip wasn't as formidable as one would suspect. It's be 1 CONC lieved that the Phoenicians of the period made regular trad 1 CONC ing visits to Ireland and as far north as the Scandanavia 1 CONC n countries. A warm current flows north-west out of the Ba 1 CONC y of Biscay. Following this current, ships would pass sout 1 CONC h and west of Ireland. Skirting the coast of Spain and Fra 1 CONC nce as far as present day Brest, a ship could probably mak 1 CONC e the south coast of Ireland in four or five days from th 1 CONC e French coast. Nevertheless, it was not without the hazar 1 CONC d of adverse winds and occasional storms. 1 CONT 1 CONT While the planned move progressed, Mile died. In a meetin 1 CONC g the chielfs decided that Scota, wife of Mile, should lea 1 CONC d the invasion. Although Scota probably came from the settl 1 CONC ed culture, she had speedily adopted nomadic ways. The evid 1 CONC ence being her willingness to assume responsibilities reser 1 CONC ved only for men in most settled cultures. Nomadic women o 1 CONC ften assumed leadership, even in battle. 1 CONT 1 CONT The Milasians were a numerous host and a fleet of ships wa 1 CONC s required to transport them and their chattel. As the exp 1 CONC idition approached the Irish shore, turbulent wind and wave 1 CONC s beset the armada. The old texts give credit to the Druid 1 CONC s of the Tuatha de Danann in hampering their landing. Wha 1 CONC t ever the cause, many people and goods were lost. Once o 1 CONC n shore, the Gaels were attacked in force by the Tuatha d 1 CONC e Danann. Queen Scota was killed in this battle. The Gael 1 CONC s were fierce and determined fighters, eventually gaining v 1 CONC ictory over the Tuatha. In making peace after the battle 1 CONC , the Tuatha agreed to live in the underground shelters whi 1 CONC ch they normally occupied in winter. The surface land wa 1 CONC s to belong to the Gaels. This arrangement gave rise to th 1 CONC e stories of "the little people" of Ireland. 1 CONT 1 CONT Only three of Mile's sons survived the landing. They wer 1 CONC e HEREMON, HEBER and IR, along with LUGHAID, son of their u 1 CONC ncle ITH. The gaels held council and divided Ireland betwe 1 CONC en them. Heremon chose the Northern half, a portion of whi 1 CONC ch was granted to his brother IR. The southern half of th 1 CONC e island went to Heber. He in turn, granted the southwes 1 CONC t corner of his territory to his cousin Lughaid. The artis 1 CONC ans who came with them from Spain were divided equally betw 1 CONC een the north and south. 1 CONT 1 CONT In Spain, genealogies were determined by a father/son relat 1 CONC ionship. Wave and war had so disrupted the community tha 1 CONC t an additional form of relationahip was devised. From th 1 CONC e Migration forward, a genealogical relationship to a kin 1 CONC g could be established by living for a time in a particula 1 CONC r king's territory." pp. I-14 thru I-16, A Guide to Irish R 1 CONC oots, by William and Mary Durning. 1 CONT 1 CONT Milesius, in his youth and during his father's lifetime, we 1 CONC hnt into Scythia, where he was kindly received by the kin 1 CONC g of that contry, who gave him his daughter in marriage, an 1 CONC d appointed him General of his forces. In this capacity Mi 1 CONC lesius defeated the king's enemies, gained much fame, and t 1 CONC he love of the king's subjects. His growing greatness an 1 CONC d popularity excited against him the jealousy of the king 1 CONC ; who, fearing the worst, resolved on privately despatchin 1 CONC g Milesius out of the way, for, openly, he dare not attemp 1 CONC t it. Admonished of the king's intentions in his regard, M 1 CONC ilesius slew him; and thereupon quitted Scythia and retire 1 CONC d to Egypt with a fleet of sixty sail. Pharaoh Nectonibus 1 CONC , then King of Egypt, being informed of his arrival and o 1 CONC f his great valour, wisdom, and conduct in arms, made him G 1 CONC eneral of all his forces against the king of Ethiopia the 1 CONC n invading his country. here, as in Scythia, milesius wa 1 CONC s victorious; he forced the enemy to submit to the conquero 1 CONC r's own terms of peace. By these exploits Milesius found g 1 CONC reat favour with Pharaoh, who gave him, being then a widowe 1 CONC r, his daughter Scota in marriage; and kept him eight year 1 CONC s afterwards in Egypt. 1 CONT 1 CONT During the sojourn of Milesius in Egypt, he employed the mo 1 CONC st ingenious and able persons among his people to be instru 1 CONC cted in the several trades, arts, and sciences used in Egpt 1 CONC ; in order to have them taught to the rest of his people o 1 CONC n his return to Spain. 1 CONT 1 CONT The original name Milesius of Spain was, as already mention 1 CONC ed, "Galamh" (gall: Irish, a stranger; amh, a negative affi 1 CONC x), which means no stranger: meaning that he was no strange 1 CONC r in Egypt, where he was called "Milethea Spaine, " which a 1 CONC fterwards contracted to "Mile Spaine" (meaning the Spainis 1 CONC h Hero), and finally to "Milesius" (mileadh: Irish, a hero 1 CONC ; Latin miles, a soldier). 1 CONT 1 CONT At length Milesius took leave of his father-in-law, and ste 1 CONC ered towards Spain; where he arrived to the great joy and c 1 CONC omfort of his people; who were much harassed by the rebelli 1 CONC on of the natives and by the intrusion of other foreign nat 1 CONC ions that forced in after his father's death, and during hi 1 CONC s long absence from Spain. With these and those he often m 1 CONC et; and, in fifty-four battles, victoriously fought, he rou 1 CONC ted, destroyed, and totally extirpated then out of the coun 1 CONC try, which he settled in peace and quietness. 1 CONT 1 CONT In his reign a great dearth and famine occurred in Spain, o 1 CONC f twenty six yearss' continuance, occasioned, as well by re 1 CONC ason of the former troubles which hindered the people fro 1 CONC m cultivating and manuring the ground, as for want of rai 1 CONC n to moisten the earth; but Milesius superstitiously believ 1 CONC ed the famine to have fallen upon him and his people as a j 1 CONC udgement and punishment from the gods, for their negligenc 1 CONC e in seeking out the country destined for their final abode 1 CONC , so long before foretold by Cachear their Druid or magicia 1 CONC n, as already mentioned--the time limited by the prophecy f 1 CONC or the accomplishment thereof being now nearly, if not full 1 CONC y, expired. To expiate his fault and to comply with the wi 1 CONC ll of the gods, Milesius, with the general approbation of h 1 CONC is people, sent his uncle Ithe, with his son Lughaidh [Luy] 1 CONC , and one hundred and fifty stout men to bring them an acco 1 CONC unt of those western islands; who according, arriving at th 1 CONC e island since then called Ireland, and landing in that par 1 CONC t of it now called Munster, left his son with fifty of hi 1 CONC s men to guard the ship, and with the rest travelled abou 1 CONC t the island. Informed, among other things, that the thre 1 CONC e sons of Cearmad, called Mac-Cuill, Mac Ceacht, and Mac Gr 1 CONC eine, did then and for thirty years before rule and gover 1 CONC n the island, each for one year, in his turn; and that th 1 CONC e country was called after the names of the three queens--E 1 CONC ire, Fodhla, and Banbha, respectively: one year called "Eir 1 CONC e, " the next "Fodhla, " and the next "Banbha..," as thei 1 CONC r husbands reigned in their regular turns; by which names t 1 CONC he island is ever since indifferently called, but most comm 1 CONC only "Eire, " because that Mac Cuill, the husband of Eire 1 CONC , ruled and governed the country in his turn the year the C 1 CONC lan-na-Mile (or the sons of Milesius) arrived and conquere 1 CONC d Ireland. And being further informed that the three broth 1 CONC ers were then at their palace at Aileach Neid, in the nort 1 CONC h part of the country, engaged in the settlement of some di 1 CONC sputes concerning their family jewels, Ithe directed his co 1 CONC urse thither; sending orders to his son to sail about wit 1 CONC h his ship and the rest of his men, and meet him there. 1 CONT ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 CONC ------------------------------------------ 1 CONT 1 CONT "Spain was first peopled after the Deluge by the descendant 1 CONC s of Iber who were called Iberes and Iberi; the country, Ib 1 CONC eria; and its chief river, Ebro. The Phoenicians in the ea 1 CONC rly ages settled in Iberia, and gave it the name of Spania 1 CONC , from "Span," which, in their language, signified a rabbit 1 CONC --as the place abounded in rabbits; by the Romans the count 1 CONC ry was called Hispania; and by the Spaniards, Espana, whic 1 CONC h had been anglicised Spain." O Hart vol. 1. page 13-16 1 CONT 1 CONT "So careful, however, were the Milesian colonists of thei 1 CONC r genealogies, that they maintained a clas of men to recor 1 CONC d and preserve them; for, with them a man's right of inheri 1 CONC tance to property depended on his genealogy, except where " 1 CONC might" tok the place of "right". O Hart vol.1 page 17. 0 @I3534@ INDI 1 NAME Scota /Of Egypt/ 2 GIVN Scota 2 SURN Of Egypt 2 NSFX princess of Egypt 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NPFX Princess 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 PLAC , , Egypt 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1699 B.C. 2 PLAC Sliabh Mis, Clahane Townland, Annagh Parish, Troughanacmy Barony, County Kerry, Munster Province, Ireland 2 SOUR @S12@ 3 PAGE 752 3 QUAY 3 1 BURI 2 PLAC Clahane Townland, Annagh Parish, Troughanacmy Barony, County Kerry, Munster Province, Ireland 1 SOUR @S11@ 2 PAGE page35 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 5DA63EBBEB6E45D0A7B147489BBF73CCEAA9 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1369@ 1 FAMC @F22617@ 1 NOTE @NI3534@ 1 NOTE @HI3534@ 0 @NI3534@ NOTE 1 CONC There is a ledgend that the origin of the Stone of Destin 1 CONC y used in Scotland until the reign of Edward I when we brou 1 CONC ght the stone back to England as a treasure of war for th 1 CONC e English Kings to use during their correnation was origion 1 CONC ally brought to Scotland by Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. I 1 CONC t was said that Moses had prophesied that whoever bore tha 1 CONC t stone with him should bring broad lands under the yolk o 1 CONC f his lordship. Whence from Scota the land is called Scotl 1 CONC and which was formerly called Alba or Albany from Albanactu 1 CONC s. 0 @HI3534@ NOTE 1 CONC (Research):The link between the Irish Pharoah and the Egypt 1 CONC ian one is for research purposes only this still needs to b 1 CONC e proven. 0 @I3536@ INDI 1 NAME Heber Fionn or Emher or Ever "the White" // 2 GIVN Heber Fionn or Emher or Ever "the White" 2 NPFX Ardrigh 2 NSFX 1st Monarch of Ireland, king of Munster 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 2 SOUR @S12@ 3 PAGE 752 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Don Aireach Heber Fionn Amergin Ir Copla Heremon // 2 GIVN Don Aireach Heber Fionn Amergin Ir Copla Heremon 2 SURN 1 NAME /Fionn/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Fionn 2 NPFX King Of Munster 2 NSFX 1st Monarch Of Ireland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC , , Egypt 2 SOUR @S11@ 3 PAGE page35 3 QUAY 3 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1698 B.C. 2 PLAC Ballintogher Townland, Geisill Parish, Geisill Barony, King's, Now Offaly, Leinster Province, Ireland 2 CAUS Killed by Heremon 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 BURI 2 PLAC Ballintogher Townland, Geisill Parish, Geisill Barony, King's, Now Offaly, Leinster Province, Ireland 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S11@ 2 PAGE page35 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 RESI 2 DATE 1699 B. C. 2 PLAC , , , Ireland 2 SOUR @S7@ 3 PAGE 484 3 QUAY 3 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Alt Death 2 PLAC Argedros, , Ireland 2 SOUR @S11@ 3 PAGE page 36 3 QUAY 3 1 _UID F78EDE7892C343B0BA539187903C4CBF1F6E 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1369@ 1 NOTE @NI3536@ 0 @NI3536@ NOTE 1 CONC Milesius became the chief of the colony in his turn. He de 1 CONC termined to visit the country of his ancestors, Scythia. H 1 CONC e was gladly received and hospitably entertained by his kin 1 CONC sman Riffloir, the reigning prince, who was well aware tha 1 CONC t he and Milesius were descended from the two sons of Feniu 1 CONC s Farse; Riffloir being descended from Nenual the elder, an 1 CONC d Milesius from Nial the second son. Riffloir made Milesiu 1 CONC s his General-in-chief and Prime Minister, and gave him hi 1 CONC s daughter Seaug to wife, by whom he had two sons, Donn an 1 CONC d Aireach. His wife dying soon afterwards, he conducted hi 1 CONC s followers into Egypt, where Pharaoh Nectonebus, recognizi 1 CONC ng the ability of the great general and warrior, gave him t 1 CONC he chief command of his army, Pharaoh being then engaged i 1 CONC n war with the Ethiopians. He carried the war to a success 1 CONC ful end, and as a reward was given Scota, Pharaoh's daughte 1 CONC r, as his wife; two sons were born to him in Egypt, Heber F 1 CONC ionn and Amhergin. He now set out, determined to return t 1 CONC o his kingdom and colony in Spain, and set out, first howev 1 CONC er, having twelve of his young followers instructed in al 1 CONC l the learning of the Egyptians, that they in turn might te 1 CONC ach their countrymen in Spain. He remained in Egypt seve 1 CONC n years, and on his way to Spain landed at Irene, Greece, w 1 CONC here his son Ir was born. On the voyage from there to Spai 1 CONC n, another son, Colpa, was born, and in Spain two more, Ara 1 CONC nann and Heremon. 1 CONT 1 CONT Heber and Amhergin also escaped with their mother Scota, an 1 CONC d Lugadh, son of Ith, and landed at Inver Skeiry, now Bantr 1 CONC y, Kerry County, Ireland. heber fought the battle of Sliev 1 CONC e Mish, with his followers, against the inhabitants, who we 1 CONC re called the Tuatha de Danains, and were commanded by th 1 CONC e Princesse Eire and defeated them. The place is now cale 1 CONC d the Barony of Tuchanaimy in kerry. In the battle Scota w 1 CONC as slain, and was buried at Glean Scoithin, where her grav 1 CONC e is still shown. heber advanced north, where he united wi 1 CONC th the army under his brother Heremon, and together they ga 1 CONC ve battle the three princes of the Tuatha de Danains, who w 1 CONC ere all slain. These two princes completed the conquest o 1 CONC f the country and divided it between them. Heremon obtaine 1 CONC d Leinster, Heber Munster, Heber Donn the son of Ir, th 1 CONC e ancestor of the Clanna Rorys, the Kingdom of Ulster, an 1 CONC d Lugadh, son of Ith, had conferred upon him the sovereignt 1 CONC y of Corca Luidh. Heremon was married to Thea, daughter o 1 CONC f Lugadh. heber was induced by his wife to quarrel with hi 1 CONC s brother Heremon, with whom he went to war, and fought th 1 CONC e Battle of Geisiol, where the latter slew him. 0 @I3537@ INDI 1 NAME Amergin or Amhergin /Gluingeal/ 2 GIVN Amergin or Amhergin 2 SURN Gluingeal 1 NAME /Gluingeal/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Gluingeal 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC , , Egypt 1 DEAT 2 DATE Aft 1699 B.C. 2 PLAC Bile-Tineadh, Now Coill A Bhile, Billywood, Moynalty Parish, Lower Kells Barony, County Meath, Leinster Province, Ireland 2 SOUR @S12@ 3 PAGE 752 3 QUAY 3 1 BURI 2 PLAC Bile-Tineadh, Now Coill A Bhile, Billywood, Moynalty Parish, Lower Kells Barony, County Meath, Leinster Province, Ireland 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 16BE348C7A0746F3BF1B1A3A27B95C550D09 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1369@ 0 @I3538@ INDI 1 NAME Ir /Of Irene/ 2 GIVN Ir 2 SURN Of Irene 1 NAME /Of Irene/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Irene 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Irene, Greece 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1700 B.C. 2 PLAC Scellig-Mhicheal Island, off the Kerry coast, County Kerry, Munster Province, Ireland 2 NOTE @DI3538@ 1 SOUR @S11@ 2 PAGE page35 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 40725BBFB90C4BA6A3EC40CC7298EF819746 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1369@ 1 NOTE @NI3538@ 0 @NI3538@ NOTE 1 CONC "This Prince was one of the chief leaders of the expeditio 1 CONC n undertaken for the conquest of Erinn, but was doomed neve 1 CONC r to set foot on the "Sacred Isle;" a violent storm scatter 1 CONC ed the fleet as it was coasting around the island in searc 1 CONC h of a landing place, the vessel commanded by him was separ 1 CONC ated from the great fleet and driven upon the island sinc 1 CONC e called Scellig-Mhicheal, off the Kerry coast, where it sp 1 CONC lit on a rock and sank with all on board, B.C. 1700." O Har 1 CONC t vol.1 page 300. 0 @DI3538@ NOTE 1 CONC died off coast of Ireland in storm 0 @I3539@ INDI 1 NAME Copla // 2 GIVN Copla 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC At Sea, Mediterranean Sea 1 DEAT 2 PLAC Inver Colpa, near Drogheda, Ireland 1 SOUR @S9@ 2 PAGE 10 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 3DA768C2626A48A0B40F90CADEFDA86CCE3F 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1369@ 0 @I3543@ INDI 1 NAME Ith or Ithe // 2 GIVN Ith or Ithe 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 PLAC Plane of Ithe, Raphoe Barony, County Donegal, Ulster Province, Ireland 1 BURI 2 PLAC Braganza, Spain 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE pg 274 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S9@ 2 PAGE 10 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID D0A13B46C86F45888DD659D3A5E847C51EEC 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11674@ 0 @I3544@ INDI 1 NAME Guala or Cuala // 2 GIVN Guala or Cuala 1 SEX U 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Braganza, Spain 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 561A80F994894E1F999D295DA225B03BE1ED 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11674@ 0 @I3545@ INDI 1 NAME Blath // 2 GIVN Blath 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Braganza, Spain 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 5374F4EB61FF42CB885C7EF483274EBB1CCF 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11674@ 0 @I3546@ INDI 1 NAME Aibhle // 2 GIVN Aibhle 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Braganza, Spain 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 3BEE2547D41B4DA69A89DFCDE2D87071E15F 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11674@ 0 @I3547@ INDI 1 NAME Nar or Nac // 2 GIVN Nar or Nac 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Braganza, Spain 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 476D448FAFD74416A346BBC68C4633EFC546 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11674@ 0 @I3548@ INDI 1 NAME Fuid or Faad // 2 GIVN Fuid or Faad 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Braganza, Spain 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 9CB5332897334EC4A6B0CA83F0E59451E595 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11674@ 0 @I3549@ INDI 1 NAME Breaga // 2 GIVN Breaga 1 SEX U 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Braganza, Spain 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID C5AA7CFC41D24B349EED8E7F9244FC331627 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11674@ 0 @I3550@ INDI 1 NAME Muirtheime or Muirtheamme // 2 GIVN Muirtheime or Muirtheamme 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Braganza, Spain 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 5D5F5759C9454D8381BC4C4E4550E61BB70D 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11674@ 0 @I3560@ INDI 1 NAME Elliod Adnoion // 2 GIVN Elliod Adnoion 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC of North Africa 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 2331A99484914F8083B98C347D4EADBDA63A 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F20106@ 0 @I3561@ INDI 1 NAME Lamfglas /Oy Cyrene/ 2 GIVN Lamfglas 2 SURN Oy Cyrene 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC of Cyrene, now, Shahhat, Libya 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 2D2A3CC3268C43458C31521F8237483DFC04 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F20106@ 0 @I3562@ INDI 1 NAME Tat or Tait // 2 GIVN Tat or Tait 2 NSFX one With God, king of Scythia 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE p 338 3 QUAY 0 2 SOUR @S6@ 3 PAGE pg 49 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX One With God, King of Scythia 1 NAME Fait // 2 GIVN Fait 2 SURN 1 NAME Tath, King Of Scythia // 2 GIVN Tath, King Of Scythia 2 SURN 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Scythia, Now near Ryzanovka, Ukraine 2 SOUR @S6@ 3 PAGE pg 49 3 QUAY 3 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 5DC762E97B3243A5A134D3300719256B8C71 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11602@ 0 @I3564@ INDI 1 NAME Beogaman or Boamhain or Beouman or Beman // 2 GIVN Beogaman or Boamhain or Beouman or Beman 2 NSFX king of Scythia 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX King of Scythia 1 NAME Beogamhan // 2 GIVN Beogamhan 2 SURN 2 NSFX King Of Scythia 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Scythia, Now near Ryzanovka, Ukraine 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE pg 49 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 163D8262D8CD4997B1E0B18CC685FF5428A4 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F9881@ 1 FAMC @F1385@ 0 @I3565@ INDI 1 NAME Heber or Eber /Scott/ 2 GIVN Heber or Eber 2 SURN Scott 2 NSFX king of Crete and Scythia 1 NAME Eber Scut // 2 GIVN Eber Scut 2 SURN 1 NAME Eibhear Scot // 2 GIVN Eibhear Scot 2 SURN 1 NAME Herbertseot // 2 GIVN Herbertseot 2 SURN 1 NAME /Scott/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Scott 2 NSFX King Of Crete and Scythia 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Campus Cyrunt, Egypt 1 DEAT 2 PLAC Scythia, Now near Ryzanovka, Ukraine 2 CAUS Slain in battle by Noemus 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 49 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 884449C7468944399BB633D0E8114AAB6A8F 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1385@ 1 FAMC @F1386@ 0 @I3566@ INDI 1 NAME Sruth or Sru or Sur or Srue // 2 GIVN Sruth or Sru or Sur or Srue 2 NSFX king 2 SOUR @S3@ 3 PAGE 20 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX King 1 NAME Syu // 2 GIVN Syu 2 SURN 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1250 B.C. 2 PLAC Campus Cyrunt, Egypt 1 DEAT 2 PLAC Isle of Crete, Greece 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 49 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID A624EBC28F57469095BEEEE0E61C1AD54530 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1386@ 1 FAMC @F1387@ 1 NOTE @NI3566@ 0 @NI3566@ NOTE 1 CONC Sruth, soon after his father's death, was set upon by the E 1 CONC gyptians, on acount of their former animosities towards the 1 CONC ir predecesors for having taken part with the Israelites ag 1 CONC ainst them; which animosities until they lay raked up in th 1 CONC e embers, and now broke out in a flame to that degre, tha 1 CONC t after many batles and conflicts, wherein most of his colo 1 CONC ny lost their lives; Sruth was forced with a few remainin 1 CONC g to depart the country; and, after many traverses at sea 1 CONC , arived at the Island of Creta (now caled Candia), where h 1 CONC e paid his last tribute to nature." O Hart vol.1 page 49. 0 @I3567@ INDI 1 NAME Asruth or Esru or Easru or Easur or Essrue // 2 GIVN Asruth or Esru or Easru or Easur or Essrue 2 NSFX king 2 SOUR @S3@ 3 PAGE 20 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX King 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Campus Cyrunt, Egypt 1 DEAT 2 PLAC Campus Cyrunt, Egypt 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 49 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 71F25E686B0C49A78FFBAA0FC99A53D15AF0 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1387@ 1 FAMC @F1388@ 0 @I3568@ INDI 1 NAME Gadel or Gadhol or Gaodhal or Gathelus or Gael /Glas/ 2 GIVN Gadel or Gadhol or Gaodhal or Gathelus or Gael 2 SURN Glas 2 NPFX King 2 NSFX father of the Gadelians 2 SOUR @S3@ 3 PAGE 20 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX Clann-na-Gaodhail or the Gaels 1 NAME Gaodhal // 2 GIVN Gaodhal 2 SURN 2 NSFX means Lover of Learning 1 NAME Glas // 2 GIVN Glas 2 SURN 2 NSFX Green Necked 1 NAME Graedah or Progenitor Of Gaels // 2 GIVN Graedah or Progenitor Of Gaels 2 SURN 1 NAME /Glas/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Glas 2 NPFX King 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1570 B.C. 2 PLAC Capacyront, Campus Cyrunt, Egypt 1 DEAT 2 PLAC Campus Cyrunt, Egypt 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 48 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S9@ 2 PAGE 10 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN a quo Clanna 2 TYPE Namesake 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Birth 2 DATE a contemporary of Moses 1 _UID 05C2598102284A4C996B049EBA47313D76B8 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1388@ 1 FAMC @F1406@ 1 NOTE @NI3568@ 0 @NI3568@ NOTE 1 CONC Inishowen its History, Traditions and Antiquites by Maghtoc 1 CONC hair, published by Mrs. Peggy Simpson 20 Jul, 1867, page 10. 0 @I3569@ INDI 1 NAME Scota // 2 GIVN Scota 2 NPFX Princess 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NPFX Princess 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 PLAC , , Egypt 1 DEAT 2 PLAC , , Egypt 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 48 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S9@ 2 PAGE 10 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 34863757A0034467AF8CCD90AB5958EE78AE 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1406@ 1 FAMC @F22619@ 1 NOTE @NI3569@ 0 @NI3569@ NOTE 1 CONC TITL Princess 0 @I3570@ INDI 1 NAME Niall or Niul or Neale // 2 GIVN Niall or Niul or Neale 2 NPFX King Of Scythia 2 NSFX of The Languages 2 SOUR @S3@ 3 PAGE 20 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NPFX King Of Scythia 2 NSFX Of The Languages 1 NAME Nenual // 2 GIVN Nenual 2 SURN 2 NPFX King Of Scythia 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1650 B.C. 2 PLAC Scythia, Now near Ryzanovka, Ukraine 1 DEAT 2 PLAC of Campus Cyrunt, Egypt 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 48 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN 2 TYPE living 2 NOTE Opened a schol in the Valey of Shinar, near the city of Aeo 3 CONC thena with his father. On acount of Niul's great reputatio 3 CONC n for learning, Pharaoh invited him to Egypt; gave him th 3 CONC e land of Campus Cyrunt, near the Red Sea, to inhabit; an 3 CONC d his daughter Scota in mariage. O Hart vol.1, page 30 1 _UID F3249A91A09D405C8D06654B74E5671D3BE1 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1406@ 1 FAMC @F11762@ 1 NOTE @NI3570@ 0 @NI3570@ NOTE 1 CONC Inishowen its History, Traditions and Antiquites by Maghtoc 1 CONC hair, published by Mrs. Peggy Simpson 20 Jul, 1867, page 9. 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 CONT He was sent by his father to the African coast at the reque 1 CONC st of the Egyptians. He was to found a language school fo 1 CONC r their mariners. he bacame the ancestor of the Gaels wh 1 CONC o eventually found their way to ireland. 1 CONT 1 CONT Source Tottens "old Irish Genealogies and 1 Chr 2:6 1 CONT 1 CONT "Nial journeyed into Egypt, where he was united in marriag 1 CONC e to Scota, daughter of Pharaho Cincris, the King of the co 1 CONC untry. He had a son Gaodhal, of whom it is related that (a 1 CONC t or about the time of Moses was preparing to conduct the C 1 CONC hildren of Israel out of Egypt) he was bitten by a serpen 1 CONC t and cured by a touch of the wand in the hands of that gre 1 CONC at prophet, who then foretold to him that his descendants s 1 CONC hould inhabit an island where there were no serpents, nor a 1 CONC ny other noxious reptiles. This is actually true of Cret 1 CONC e and Ireland, of which his descendants were, and are now i 1 CONC nhabitants of the latter. After Moses cured the wound, th 1 CONC e scar always remained green, from which circumstance Gaodh 1 CONC al received the surname of Glas, which means green, and com 1 CONC bining the names Gadelas, which gave his descendants the di 1 CONC stinctive name of Gadelians. This circumstance is kept i 1 CONC n rememberence by the armonial bearings of many families o 1 CONC f Ireland. In the third generation from Gaodhal, his poste 1 CONC rity became very numerous and excited the jealousy of the E 1 CONC gyptians, who drove them out of their country, under the le 1 CONC adership of Sur, son of Easur, son of Gaodhal, and in the t 1 CONC ime of Pharaoh en Tine. The Gadelians, under Sur, journeye 1 CONC d to the Island of Crete, where they landed and establishe 1 CONC d themselves, and Sur died. Heber Scot, his son, succeede 1 CONC d him as leader and govenor." Melesian Families of Irelan 1 CONC d edited by Heraldic Artists limited, 1968 page 11, publish 1 CONC ed by same - no city given. 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 CONT had a descendent Riffoir ruler or Scythia when Milesius cam 1 CONC e to visit from Spain. 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 CONT ------- 1 CONT 1 CONT "It was this Niul that employed Gaodhal [Gael], son of Etho 1 CONC r, a learned and skillful man, to compose or rather refin 1 CONC e and adorn the language, called Bearia Tobbai, which was c 1 CONC ommon to all Nuil's postarity, and afterwards called Gaodhl 1 CONC ig (or Gaelic), from the said Gaodhal who composed or refin 1 CONC ed it; and for his sake also Niul called his own eldest so 1 CONC n "Gaodhal." O Hart Vol. 1 page 48 1 CONT had a descendent Riffoir ruler or Scythia when Milesius cam 1 CONC e to visit from Spain. 0 @I3581@ INDI 1 NAME Methuselah or Mattushalakh or Mathusalam /Ben Enoch/ 2 GIVN Methuselah or Mattushalakh or Mathusalam 2 SURN Ben Enoch 2 NSFX man of The Dart/Light Spear 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE Chart 1843 p. 401 3 QUAY 0 3 DATA 4 TEXT Methuselah (Ubar-Tutut in Akkad, Ubardudu in Sumer, Enmennu 5 CONC nna to the Kishites, Technites in Greece, Sa-nekhet in Egyp 5 CONC t), s of Enoch (Akhnukh), no mother 2 SOUR @S17@ 3 DATA 4 TEXT Methuselah 2 SOUR @S15@ 3 PAGE 1 Chronicles chapter one 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME Mathusalem // 2 GIVN Mathusalem 2 SURN 1 NAME /Ben Enoch/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Ben Enoch 2 NSFX Man Of The Dart/Light Spear 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 3313 B.C. 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE Chart 1843 p. 401 3 QUAY 0 1 DEAT 2 DATE 2344 B.C. 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE Chart 1843 p. 401 3 QUAY 0 1 SOUR @S14@ 2 PAGE 71 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 42 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S3@ 2 PAGE 10-11 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S15@ 2 PAGE St Luke 3:1-38 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S16@ 2 PAGE 32 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S15@ 2 PAGE Genesis 5:27 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Notes 2 NOTE and autobiography of Edmund Bohun, 1853 Royal Genealogie 3 CONC s of Magna Carte Barons 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Notes 2 NOTE Genesis, Chapter 5: Methuselah begat Lamech at age of 187 a 3 CONC nd died at age of 969 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Notes 2 NOTE 23-38 spells name "Mathusala" 1 _UID 7DA36388C9554DC1A5E24C98A568EF6D0BBA 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F46317@ 1 FAMC @F16715@ 1 NOTE @NI3581@ 0 @NI3581@ NOTE 1 CONC Birth Genesis 5:2, Death (oldest man ever recorded) Genesi 1 CONC s 5:27, Methuselah died the year of the Flood after livin 1 CONC g 969 years. 1 CONT 1 CONT Jubilees 4:27 "Methuselah took unto himself a wife, Edna .. 1 CONC . the daughter of his father's brother," Jubilees 4:27 ".. 1 CONC . the daughter of Azrial" 0 @I3585@ INDI 1 NAME Cainan or Canein or Kenan // 2 GIVN Cainan or Canein or Kenan 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE Chart 1844, p 402 3 QUAY 0 3 DATA 4 TEXT Canaan (Ushumgalanna in Akkad, Enmengaluanna in Sumer, Zuka 5 CONC kipu in Kish, Cassius in Greece, Ka-Sen, Kenkennes in Egypt 5 CONC ), s of Enos (Yanish), no mother 2 SOUR @S17@ 3 DATA 4 TEXT Cainan 2 SOUR @S15@ 3 PAGE 1 Chronicles chapter one 3 QUAY 3 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 3675 B.C. 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE Chart 1844, p 402 3 QUAY 0 1 DEAT 2 DATE 2765 B.C. 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE Chart 1844, p 402 3 QUAY 0 1 SOUR @S14@ 2 PAGE 71 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 42 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S3@ 2 PAGE 10-11 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S15@ 2 PAGE St Luke 3:1-38 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S15@ 2 PAGE 1 Chronicals 1:2 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S16@ 2 PAGE 32 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Notes 2 NOTE and autobiography of Edmund Bohun, 1853 Royal Genealogie 3 CONC s of Magna Carte Barons 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Notes 2 NOTE Genesis, Chapter 5: Cainan begat Mahalaleel when he was 7 3 CONC 0 years old and died at age of 910 1 _UID 8B952E1C46C94C1482569B4B1610EE41EC1A 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F46321@ 1 FAMC @F11639@ 1 NOTE @NI3585@ 0 @NI3585@ NOTE 1 CONC Cainan, a name derivation of Kenan, means peace with Cain. 1 CONT 1 CONT Birth Genesis 5:9 and Death Genisis 5:14 0 @I3587@ INDI 1 NAME Seth or Sheth /Ben Adam/ 2 GIVN Seth or Sheth 2 SURN Ben Adam 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE Chart 1844, p 402 3 QUAY 0 3 DATA 4 TEXT Seth (Alagar in Sumer, tab-ba in Kish, Genus in Greece, 'Ab 5 CONC a Atetit (Den Semti) in Egypt 2 SOUR @S15@ 3 PAGE 1 Chronicles chapter one 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME /Ben Adam/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Ben Adam 2 NSFX Appointed, Substituded 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 3870 B.C. 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE Chart 1844, p 402 3 QUAY 0 1 DEAT 2 DATE 27 Abib 2958 B.C. 2 SOUR @S13@ 3 PAGE Chart 1844, p 402 3 QUAY 0 1 SOUR @S14@ 2 PAGE 71 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S10@ 1 SOUR @S6@ 2 PAGE page 42 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S3@ 2 PAGE 10-11 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S15@ 2 PAGE St Luke 3:1-38 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S15@ 2 PAGE 1 Chronicals 1:1 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S16@ 2 PAGE 32 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Notes 2 NOTE and autobiography of Edmund Bohun, 1853 Royal Genealogie 3 CONC s of Magna Carte Barons 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Notes 2 NOTE Genesis, Chapter 5: Seth was 105 when he had Enos and he di 3 CONC ed at age 912 years 1 _UID CCB12B1313B54EA8B54F0EC47AD9CD3AA94F 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F46324@ 1 FAMS @F11640@ 1 FAMC @F16718@ 1 NOTE @NI3587@ 0 @NI3587@ NOTE 1 CONC Birth Genesis 4:25, death Genisis 5:8 0 @I3592@ INDI 1 NAME Seaug // 2 GIVN Seaug 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Scythia, Now near Ryzanovka, Ukraine 1 DEAT 2 PLAC Scythia, Now near Ryzanovka, Ukraine 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 0395D70FC875490D81833227DDA9F7D7C2E6 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1407@ 0 @I3597@ INDI 1 NAME Nenual // 2 GIVN Nenual 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC , , Syria 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 62E49FB30C4043179E032B84F6B447149333 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F11762@ 0 @I3602@ INDI 1 NAME Tea or Thea // 2 GIVN Tea or Thea 1 SEX F 1 BURI 2 PLAC Tara, County Meath, Leinster Province, Ireland 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID D8C0ED155D6E422B988200CCBA6EF46C40C4 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1414@ 1 NOTE @NI3602@ 0 @NI3602@ NOTE 1 CONC Tara is named after Tea-mur, i.e. the mount of Tea. 0 @I3968@ INDI 1 NAME Alice // 2 GIVN Alice 1 SEX F 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID EFCFF2B3AE9445F2A14A42FCA4AE5C40F334 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F49167@ 0 @I4320@ INDI 1 NAME Nabû-Na'id or Nabonidus or Nebuchadrezzar II /Of Harran/ 2 GIVN Nabû-Na'id or Nabonidus or Nebuchadrezzar II 2 SURN Of Harran 2 NSFX king of Babylon 1 NAME /Of Harran/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Harran 2 NSFX King of Babylon 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Cal 605 B.C. 2 PLAC Harran, Iraq 1 DEAT 2 DATE 539 B.C. 1 SOUR @S16@ 2 PAGE 282 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S18@ 2 PAGE page 17 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN General 2 TYPE Military 2 SOUR @S18@ 3 PAGE page 17 3 QUAY 3 1 RELI worshiped the moon god Sin, sun god Shamash, and war goddess Ishtar 2 SOUR @S18@ 3 PAGE page 17 3 QUAY 3 1 EVEN king of Harran 2 TYPE Titles 2 DATE 556 B.C. 1 _UID F2FC18C9610945D0A5C675B1E31A2E333D88 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F3705@ 1 FAMS @F80995@ 1 FAMC @F27224@ 1 NOTE @NI4320@ 1 NOTE @HI4320@ 0 @NI4320@ NOTE 1 CONC Nabonidus also spelled Nabu-na'id ("Reverer of Nabu"), kin 1 CONC g of Babylonia from 556 until 539 BC, when Babylon fell t 1 CONC o Cyrus, king of Persia. After a popular rising led by th 1 CONC e priests of Marduk, chief god of the city, Nabonidus, wh 1 CONC o favoured the moon god Sin, made his son Belshazzar corege 1 CONC nt and spent much of his reign in Arabia. Returning to Baby 1 CONC lon in 539 BC, he was captured by Cyrus' general Gobryas an 1 CONC d exiled. 1 CONT --------------------- 1 CONT 1 CONT The next king was the Aramaean Nabonidus (Nabu-na'ihc 556-5 1 CONC 39) from Harran, one of the most interesting and enigmati 1 CONC c figures of ancient times. His mother, Addagoppe, was a pr 1 CONC iestess of the god Sin in Harran; she came to Babylon and m 1 CONC anaged to secure responsible offices for her son at court 1 CONC . The god of the moon rewarded her piety with a long life-- 1 CONC she lived to be 103--and she was buried in Harran with al 1 CONC l the honours of a queen in 547. It is not clear which powe 1 CONC rful faction in Babylon supported the kingship of Nabonidus 1 CONC ; it may have been one opposing the priests of Marduk, wh 1 CONC o had become extremely powerful. Nabonidus raided Cilicia i 1 CONC n 555 and secured the surrender of Harran, which had been r 1 CONC uled by the Medes. He concluded a treaty of defense with As 1 CONC tyages of Media against the Persians, who had become a grow 1 CONC ing threat since 559 under their king Cyrus II. He also dev 1 CONC oted himself to the renovation of many temples, taking an e 1 CONC specially keen interest in old inscriptions. He gave prefer 1 CONC ence to his god Sin and had powerful enemies in the priesth 1 CONC ood of the Marduk temple. Modern excavators have found frag 1 CONC ments of propaganda poems written against Nabonidus and als 1 CONC o in support of him. Both traditions continued in Judaism. 1 CONT 1 CONT ---------------------- 1 CONT Arakha: son of Haldita, an Armenia, living in Babylon. Afte 1 CONC r the unsuccessful insurrection of Nidintu-Bêl against th 1 CONC e new Persian king Darius (October-December 522), Arakha cl 1 CONC aimed to be the son of Nabonidus; his throne name was Nebuc 1 CONC hadnezzar IV. His rebellion, which started on August 25, 52 1 CONC 1, was suppressed by Darius' bow carrier Intaphernes on Nov 1 CONC ember 27. Arakha was crucified. 1 CONT 1 CONT 0 @HI4320@ NOTE 1 CONC (Research):The Neo-Babylonian Empire 1 CONT The Chaldeans, who inhabited the coastal area near the Pers 1 CONC ian Gulf, had never been entirely pacified by the Assyrians 1 CONC . About 630 Nabopolassar became king of the Chaldeans. In 6 1 CONC 26 he forced the Assyrians out of Uruk and crowned himsel 1 CONC f king of Babylonia. He took part in the wars aimed at th 1 CONC e destruction of Assyria. At the same time, he began to res 1 CONC tore the dilapidated network of canals in the cities of Bab 1 CONC ylonia, particularly those in Babylon itself. He fought aga 1 CONC inst the Assyrian Ashur-uballit II and then against Egypt 1 CONC , his successes alternating with misfortunes. In 605 Nabopo 1 CONC lassar died in Babylon. 1 CONT Nebuchadrezzar II 1 CONT Nabopolassar had named his oldest son, Nabu-kudurri-usur, a 1 CONC fter the famous king of the second dynasty of Isin, traine 1 CONC d him carefully for his prospective kingship, and shared re 1 CONC sponsibility with him. When the father died in 605, Nebucha 1 CONC drezzar was with his army in Syria; he had just crushed th 1 CONC e Egyptians near Carchemish in a cruel, bloody battle and p 1 CONC ursued them into the south. On receiving the news of his fa 1 CONC ther's death, Nebuchadrezzar returned immediately to Babylo 1 CONC n. In his numerous building inscriptions he tells but rarel 1 CONC y of his many wars; most of them end with prayers. The Baby 1 CONC lonian chronicle is extant only for the years 605-594, an 1 CONC d not much is known from other sources about the later year 1 CONC s of this famous king. He went very often to Syria and Pale 1 CONC stine, at first to drive out the Egyptians. In 604 he too 1 CONC k the Philistine city of Ashkelon. In 601 he tried to pus 1 CONC h forward into Egypt but was forced to pull back after a bl 1 CONC oody, undecided battle and to regroup his army in Babylonia 1 CONC . After smaller incursions against the Arabs of Syria, he a 1 CONC ttacked Palestine at the end of 598. King Jehoiakim of Juda 1 CONC h had rebelled, counting on help from Egypt. According to t 1 CONC he chronicle, Jerusalem was taken on March 16, 597. Jehoiak 1 CONC im had died during the siege, and his son, King Johoiachin 1 CONC , together with at least 3,000 Jews, was led into exile i 1 CONC n Babylonia. They were treated well there, according to th 1 CONC e documents. Zedekiah was appointed the new king. In 596, w 1 CONC hen danger threatened from the east, Nebuchadrezzar marche 1 CONC d to the Tigris River and induced the enemy to withdraw. Af 1 CONC ter a revolt in Babylonia had been crushed with much bloods 1 CONC hed, there were other campaigns in the west. 1 CONT According to the Old Testament, Judah rebelled again in 589 1 CONC , and Jerusalem was placed under siege. The city fell in 58 1 CONC 7/586 and was completely destroyed. Many thousands of Jew 1 CONC s were forced into "Babylonian exile," and their country wa 1 CONC s reduced to a province of the Babylonian empire. The revol 1 CONC t had been caused by an Egyptian invasion that pushed as fa 1 CONC r as Sidon. Nebuchadrezzar laid siege to Tyre for 13 year 1 CONC s without taking the city, because there was no fleet at hi 1 CONC s disposal. In 568/567 he attacked Egypt, again without muc 1 CONC h success, but from that time on the Egyptians refrained fr 1 CONC om further attacks on Palestine. Nebuchadrezzar lived at pe 1 CONC ace with Media throughout his reign and acted as a mediato 1 CONC r after the Median-Lydian war of 590-585. 1 CONT The Babylonian empire under Nebuchadrezzar extended to th 1 CONC e Egyptian border. It had a well-functioning administrativ 1 CONC e system. Though he had to collect extremely high taxes an 1 CONC d tributes in order to maintain his armies and carry out hi 1 CONC s building projects, Nebuchadrezzar made Babylonia one of t 1 CONC he richest lands in western Asia--the more astonishing beca 1 CONC use it had been rather poor when it was ruled by the Assyri 1 CONC ans. Babylon was the largest city of the "civilized world. 1 CONC " Nebuchadrezzar maintained the existing canal systems an 1 CONC d built many supplementary canals, making the land even mor 1 CONC e fertile. Trade and commerce flourished during his reign. 1 CONT Nebuchadrezzar's building activities surpassed those of mos 1 CONC t of the Assyrian kings. He fortified the old double wall 1 CONC s of Babylon, adding another triple wall outside the old wa 1 CONC ll. In addition, he erected another wall, the Median Wall 1 CONC , north of the city between the Euphrates and the Tigris ri 1 CONC vers. According to Greek estimates, the Median Wall may hav 1 CONC e been about 100 feet high. He enlarged the old palace an 1 CONC d added many wings, so that hundreds of rooms with large in 1 CONC ner courts were now at the disposal of the central office 1 CONC s of the empire. Colourful glazed-tile bas-reliefs decorate 1 CONC d the walls. Terrace gardens, called the Hanging Gardens i 1 CONC n later accounts, were added. Hundreds of thousands of work 1 CONC ers must have been required for these projects. The temple 1 CONC s were objects of special concern. He devoted himself firs 1 CONC t and foremost to the completion of Etemenanki, the "Towe 1 CONC r of Babel." Construction of this building began in the tim 1 CONC e of Nebuchadrezzar I, about 1110. It stood as a "buildin 1 CONC g ruin" until the reign of Esarhaddon of Assyria, who resum 1 CONC ed building about 680 but did not finish. Nebuchadrezzar I 1 CONC I was able to complete the whole building. The mean dimensi 1 CONC ons of Etemenanki are to be found in the Esagila Tablet, wh 1 CONC ich has been known since the late 19th century. Its base me 1 CONC asured about 300 feet on each side, and it was 300 feet i 1 CONC n height. There were five terracelike gradations surmounte 1 CONC d by a temple, the whole tower being about twice the heigh 1 CONC t of those of other temples. The wide street used for proce 1 CONC ssions led along the eastern side by the inner city walls a 1 CONC nd crossed at the enormous Ishtar Gate with its world-renow 1 CONC ned bas-relief tiles. Nebuchadrezzar also built many smalle 1 CONC r temples throughout the country. 1 CONT The last kings of Babylonia 1 CONT Awil-Marduk (called Evil-Merodach in the Old Testament; 561 1 CONC -560), the son of Nebuchadrezzar, was unable to win the sup 1 CONC port of the priests of Marduk. His reign did not last long 1 CONC , and he was soon eliminated. His brother-in-law and succes 1 CONC sor, Nergal-shar-usur (called Neriglissar in classical sour 1 CONC ces; 559-556), was a general who undertook a campaign in 55 1 CONC 7 into the "rough" Cilician land, which may have been unde 1 CONC r the control of the Medes. His land forces were assisted b 1 CONC y a fleet. His still-minor son Labashi-Marduk was murdere 1 CONC d not long after that, allegedly because he was not suitabl 1 CONC e for his job. 1 CONT The next king was the Aramaean Nabonidus (Nabu-na'ihc 556-5 1 CONC 39) from Harran, one of the most interesting and enigmati 1 CONC c figures of ancient times. His mother, Addagoppe, was a pr 1 CONC iestess of the god Sin in Harran; she came to Babylon and m 1 CONC anaged to secure responsible offices for her son at court 1 CONC . The god of the moon rewarded her piety with a long life-- 1 CONC she lived to be 103--and she was buried in Harran with al 1 CONC l the honours of a queen in 547. It is not clear which powe 1 CONC rful faction in Babylon supported the kingship of Nabonidus 1 CONC ; it may have been one opposing the priests of Marduk, wh 1 CONC o had become extremely powerful. Nabonidus raided Cilicia i 1 CONC n 555 and secured the surrender of Harran, which had been r 1 CONC uled by the Medes. He concluded a treaty of defense with As 1 CONC tyages of Media against the Persians, who had become a grow 1 CONC ing threat since 559 under their king Cyrus II. He also dev 1 CONC oted himself to the renovation of many temples, taking an e 1 CONC specially keen interest in old inscriptions. He gave prefer 1 CONC ence to his god Sin and had powerful enemies in the priesth 1 CONC ood of the Marduk temple. Modern excavators have found frag 1 CONC ments of propaganda poems written against Nabonidus and als 1 CONC o in support of him. Both traditions continued in Judaism. 1 CONT Internal difficulties and the recognition that the narrow s 1 CONC trip of land from the Persian Gulf to Syria could not be de 1 CONC fended against a major attack from the east induced Nabonid 1 CONC us to leave Babylonia around 552 and to reside in Taima (Ta 1 CONC yma') in northern Arabia. There he organized an Arabian pro 1 CONC vince with the assistance of Jewish mercenaries. His vicero 1 CONC y in Babylonia was his son Bel-shar-usur, the Belshazzar o 1 CONC f the Book of Daniel in the Bible. Cyrus turned this to hi 1 CONC s own advantage by annexing Media in 550. Nabonidus, in tur 1 CONC n, allied himself with Croesus of Lydia in order to fight C 1 CONC yrus. Yet, when Cyrus attacked Lydia and annexed it in 546 1 CONC , Nabonidus was not able to help Croesus. Cyrus bode his ti 1 CONC me. In 542 Nabonidus returned to Babylonia, where his son h 1 CONC ad been able to maintain good order in external matters bu 1 CONC t had not overcome a growing internal opposition to his fat 1 CONC her. Consequently, Nabonidus' career after his return was s 1 CONC hort-lived, though he tried hard to regain the support of t 1 CONC he Babylonians. He appointed his daughter to be high priest 1 CONC ess of the god Sin in Ur, thus returning to the Sumerian-Ol 1 CONC d Babylonian religious tradition. The priests of Marduk loo 1 CONC ked to Cyrus, hoping to have better relations with him tha 1 CONC n with Nabonidus; they promised Cyrus the surrender of Baby 1 CONC lon without a fight if he would grant them their privilege 1 CONC s in return. In 539 Cyrus attacked northern Babylonia wit 1 CONC h a large army, defeating Nabonidus, and entered the city o 1 CONC f Babylon without a battle. The other cities did not offe 1 CONC r any resistance either. Nabonidus surrendered, receivin 1 CONC g a small territory in eastern Iran. Tradition has confuse 1 CONC d him with his great predecessor Nebuchadrezzar II. The Bib 1 CONC le refers to him as Nebuchadrezzar in the Book of Daniel. 1 CONT Babylonia's peaceful submission to Cyrus saved it from th 1 CONC e fate of Assyria. It became a territory under the Persia 1 CONC n crown but kept its cultural autonomy. Even the racially m 1 CONC ixed western part of the Babylonian empire submitted withou 1 CONC t resistance. 1 CONT By 620 the Babylonians had grown tired of Assyrian rule. Th 1 CONC ey were also weary of internal struggle. They were easily p 1 CONC ersuaded to submit to the order of the Chaldean kings. Th 1 CONC e result was a surprisingly rapid social and economic conso 1 CONC lidation, helped along by the fact that after the fall of A 1 CONC ssyria no external enemy threatened Babylonia for more tha 1 CONC n 60 years. In the cities the temples were an important par 1 CONC t of the economy, having vast benefices at their disposal 1 CONC . The business class regained its strength, not only in th 1 CONC e trades and commerce but also in the management of agricul 1 CONC ture in the metropolitan areas. Livestock breeding--sheep 1 CONC , goats, beef cattle, and horses--flourished, as did poultr 1 CONC y farming. The cultivation of corn, dates, and vegetables g 1 CONC rew in importance. Much was done to improve communications 1 CONC , both by water and land, with the western provinces of th 1 CONC e empire. The collapse of the Assyrian empire had the conse 1 CONC quence that many trade arteries were rerouted through Babyl 1 CONC onia. Another result of the collapse was that the city of B 1 CONC abylon became a world centre. 1 CONT The immense amount of documentary material and corresponden 1 CONC ce that has survived has not yet been fully analyzed. No ne 1 CONC w system of law or administration seems to have developed d 1 CONC uring that time. The Babylonian dialect gradually became Ar 1 CONC amaicized; it was still written primarily on clay tablets t 1 CONC hat often bore added material in Aramaic lettering. Parchme 1 CONC nt and papyrus documents have not survived. In contrast t 1 CONC o advances in other fields, there is no evidence of much ar 1 CONC tistic creativity. Aside from some of the inscriptions of t 1 CONC he kings, especially Nabonidus, which were not comparable f 1 CONC rom a literary standpoint with those of the Assyrians, th 1 CONC e main efforts were devoted to the rewriting of old texts 1 CONC . In the fine arts, only a few monuments have any suggestio 1 CONC n of new tendencies. 0 @I4321@ INDI 1 NAME Addagoppe /Of Harran/ 2 GIVN Addagoppe 2 SURN Of Harran 2 NSFX priestiss of Sin of Harran 1 NAME /Of Harran/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Harran 2 NSFX Priestiss Of Sin Of Harran 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 650 B.C. 2 PLAC Harran, Iraq 1 DEAT 2 DATE Cal 547 B.C. 2 PLAC Dur-Karashu, Assyria 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 5BF4A55641764DAAAC7E0F8D66833CECCFEC 1 BAPL 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 1 ENDL 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 1 SLGC 2 DATE aftr Submitted 15 May 2005 (16) #7 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F10581@ 1 FAMC @F29891@ 1 NOTE @NI4321@ 0 @NI4321@ NOTE 1 CONC Nabonidus had written a biography of his mother after her d 1 CONC eath, in two stelae. Text in ANET, pp 311-12 and 560-62. a 1 CONC net- Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testame 1 CONC nt (edited by J. B. Pritchard), Princeton, NJ., 1950, 2nd e 1 CONC dition 1955. 0 @I4322@ INDI 1 NAME Niticris /Of Babylon/ 2 GIVN Niticris 2 SURN Of Babylon 2 NSFX Priestess of Sin, princess 1 NAME /Of Harran/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Harran 2 NSFX Daughter Of Nabonidus High-Priestess Of Sin 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Ur Casdim, Chaldea, Babylon, now, Iraq 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 5581B65F4EC145978DC0B856CCF15A9DE594 1 SLGC 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F29905@ 1 FAMC @F3705@ 0 @I4435@ INDI 1 NAME Aribo I /Von Botenstein/ 2 GIVN Aribo I 2 SURN Von Botenstein 2 NSFX Markgraf der Ostmark 1 NAME Aribo /Von Traungau/ 2 GIVN Aribo 2 SURN Von Traungau 2 NSFX count of Traungau 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 820 1 DEAT 2 DATE 909 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID EB63C750783B4895830C7EEE3932AFC8D24B 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1729@ 0 @I4436@ INDI 1 NAME Aubert or Aribo /Von Bayern/ 2 GIVN Aubert or Aribo 2 SURN Von Bayern 2 NSFX count of Bavaria 1 NAME /Von Bayern/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Bayern 2 NSFX Count Of Bavaria 1 NAME Arupert /Von Prum/ 2 GIVN Arupert 2 SURN Von Prum 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 840 1 DEAT 2 DATE 909 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 76199CA1B289477AB56380FCA2EF6C9AF3E7 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1730@ 1 FAMC @F1731@ 0 @I4437@ INDI 1 NAME Angier Aerverus /Of Prun/ 2 GIVN Angier Aerverus 2 SURN Of Prun 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX Abbott Of Prun 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 820 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 RELI abbott of Prun 1 _UID 22023DB7BD124F8981DABA246FD401DF1B8F 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1731@ 1 FAMC @F1732@ 0 @I4438@ INDI 1 NAME Miss /De Bavière/ 2 GIVN Miss 2 SURN De Bavière 2 NSFX sister of Odilon de Bavaria 1 NAME /De Bavaria/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN De Bavaria 2 NSFX Sister Of Odilon De Bavaria 1 NAME /De Bavière/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN De Bavière 2 NSFX Sister Of Odilon De Bavaria 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 820 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 9007ACCFFA204637A25387A84C8F02721C31 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1731@ 0 @I4439@ INDI 1 NAME Guillaire /Von Prun/ 2 GIVN Guillaire 2 SURN Von Prun 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 782 2 PLAC Prun, Germany 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 95315748A0B244DDB65F7CD8FBCD2A4F828B 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1732@ 1 FAMC @F1736@ 0 @I4226@ INDI 1 NAME Tawananna III Malnigal /Of Babylon/ 2 GIVN Tawananna III Malnigal 2 SURN Of Babylon 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX Daughter Of King Of Babylonia 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 1400 B.C. 2 PLAC Bab-Ilu or Babylon, Mesopotamia, Now, Iraq 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID E2DA0E08481942279CEA330AB66DAFBEEF5D 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F78438@ 1 FAMC @F52292@ 0 @I4227@ INDI 1 NAME Arnuwanda II /Of Khatti/ 2 GIVN Arnuwanda II 2 SURN Of Khatti 2 NSFX king of The Hittites 1 NAME /Of Khatti/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Khatti 2 NSFX King Of The Hittites 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1339 B.C. 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID ED355F1210A6414CBA5A31ED609CA76B1639 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F78438@ 1 NOTE @NI4227@ 0 @NI4227@ NOTE 1 CONC THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 1 CONT INTRODUCTION 1 CONT 1. SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE BOOK. 1 CONT The Book of Jubilees is in certain limited aspects the mos 1 CONC t important book in this volume for the student of religion 1 CONC . Without it we could of course have inferred from Ezra an 1 CONC d Nehemiah, the Priests' Code, and the later chapters of Ze 1 CONC chariah the supreme position that the law had achieved in J 1 CONC udaism, but without Jubilees we could hardly have imagine 1 CONC d such an absolute supremacy as finds expression in this bo 1 CONC ok. This absolute supremacy of the law carried with it, a 1 CONC s we have seen in the General Introduction, the suppressio 1 CONC n of prophecy -at all events of the open exercise of the pr 1 CONC ophetic gifts. And yet these gifts persisted during all th 1 CONC e so-called centuries of silence-from Malachi down to N.T 1 CONC . times, but owing to the fatal incubus of the law these gi 1 CONC fts could not find expression save in pseudepigraphic liter 1 CONC ature. Thus Jubilees represents the triumph of the movement 1 CONC , which had been at work for the past three centuries or mo 1 CONC re. 1 CONT And yet this most triumphant manifesto of legalism containe 1 CONC d within its pages the element that was destined to disput 1 CONC e its supremacy and finally to reduce the law to the wholl 1 CONC y secondary position that alone it could rightly claim. Thi 1 CONC s element of course is apocalyptic, which was the source o 1 CONC f the higher theology in Judaism, and subsequently was th 1 CONC e parent of Christianity, wherein apocalyptic ceased to b 1 CONC e pseudonymous and became one with prophecy. 1 CONT The Book of Jubilees was written in Hebrew by a Pharisee be 1 CONC tween the year of the accession of Hyrcanus to the high pri 1 CONC esthood in 135 and his breach with the Pharisees some year 1 CONC s before his death in 105 B.C. It is the most advanced pre- 1 CONC Christian representative of the midrashic tendency, which h 1 CONC as already been at work in the Old Testament Chronicles. A 1 CONC s the Chronicler had rewritten the history of Israel and Ju 1 CONC dah from the basis of the Priests' Code, so our author re-e 1 CONC dited from the Pharisaic standpoint of his time the histor 1 CONC y of events from the creation to the publication, or, accor 1 CONC ding to the author's view, the republication of the law o 1 CONC n Sinai. In the course of re-editing he incorporated a larg 1 CONC e body of traditional lore, which the midrashic process ha 1 CONC d put at his disposal, and also not a few fresh legal enact 1 CONC ments that the exigencies of the past had called forth. Hi 1 CONC s work constitutes an enlarged Targum on Genesis and Exodus 1 CONC , in which difficulties in the biblical narrative are solve 1 CONC d, gaps supplied, dogmatically offensive elements removed 1 CONC , and the genuine spirit of later Judaism infused into th 1 CONC e primitive history of the world. His object was to defen 1 CONC d Judaism against the attacks of the hellenistic spirit tha 1 CONC t had been in the ascendant one generation earlier and wa 1 CONC s still powerful, and to prove that the law was of everlast 1 CONC ing validity. From our author's contentions and his embitte 1 CONC red attacks on the paganisers and apostates, we may infer t 1 CONC hat Hellenism had urged that the levitical ordinances of th 1 CONC e law were only of transitory significance, that they had n 1 CONC ot been observed by the founders of the nation, and that th 1 CONC e time had now come for them to be swept away, and for Isra 1 CONC el to take its place in the brotherhood of the nations. Ou 1 CONC r author regarded all such views as fatal to the very exist 1 CONC ence of Jewish religion and nationality. But it is not as s 1 CONC uch that he assailed them, but on the ground of their false 1 CONC hood. The law, he teaches, is of everlasting validity. Thou 1 CONC gh revealed in time it was superior to time. Before it ha 1 CONC d been made known in gundry portions to the fathers it ha 1 CONC d been kept in heaven by the angels, and to its observanc 1 CONC e henceforward there was no limit in time or in eternity. 1 CONT Writing in the palmiest days of the Maccabean dominion,in t 1 CONC he high-priesthood of John Hyrcanus, looked for the immedia 1 CONC te advent of the Messianic kingdom. This kingdom was to b 1 CONC e ruled over by a Messiah sprung, not from Levi -that is, f 1 CONC rom the Maccabean family, as some of his contemporaries exp 1 CONC ected- but from Judah. This kingdom would be gradually real 1 CONC ized on earth, and the transformation of physical nature wo 1 CONC uld go hand in hand with the ethical transformation of ma 1 CONC n till there was a new heaven and a new earth. Thus, finall 1 CONC y, all sin and pain would disappear and men would live to t 1 CONC he age of 1,000 years in happiness and peace, and after dea 1 CONC th enjoy a blessed immortality in the spirit world. 1 CONT 2. VARIOUS TITLES OF THE BOOK. 1 CONT Our book was known by two distinct titles even in Hebrew. ( 1 CONC a) Jubilees 1 CONT (b) The Little Genesis 1 CONT (c) Apocalypse of Moses and other alleged names of the book 1 CONC . 1 CONT (a) Jubilees. This appears from Epiphanius (Haer. xxxix. 6 1 CONC ) to have been its usual designation. It is found also in t 1 CONC he Syriac Fragment entitled 'Names of the Wives of the Patr 1 CONC iarchs according to the Hebrew Book of Jubilees,' first pub 1 CONC lished by Ceriani, Mon. sacra et profana, ii. 1.9-10, and r 1 CONC eprinted by the present writer in his edition of The Ethiop 1 CONC ic Version of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees. This name admira 1 CONC bly describes the book, as it divides into jubilee period 1 CONC s of forty-nine years each the history of the world from th 1 CONC e creation to the legislation on Sinai. The writer pursue 1 CONC s a perfectly symmetrical development of the heptadic syste 1 CONC m. Israel enters Canaan at the close of the fiftieth jubile 1 CONC e, i.e. 2450. 1 CONT (b) The Little Genesis. The epithet 'little' does not refe 1 CONC r to the extent of the book, for it is larger than the cano 1 CONC nical Genesis, but to its character. It deals more fully wi 1 CONC th details than the biblical work. The Hebrew title was var 1 CONC iously rendered in Greek. 1 [(Gk.) he lepte Genesis (or Lep 1 CONC te Genesis)] as in Epiphanius, Syncellus, Zonaras, Glycas 1 CONC . 2 [(Gk.) he Leptogenesis] in Didymus of Alexandria and i 1 CONC n Latin writers, as we may infer from the Decree of Gelasiu 1 CONC s. 3 [Gk.) ta lepta geneseos] in Syncellus. 4 [(Gk.) Mikrog 1 CONC enesis] in Jerome, who was acquainted with the Hebrew origi 1 CONC nal. 1 CONT (c) 1 The Apocalypse of Moses. 1 CONT 2 The Testament of Moses. 1 CONT 3 The Book of Adam's Daughters. 1 CONT 4 The Life of Adam. 1 CONT 1 The Apocalypse of Moses. This title had some currency i 1 CONC n the time of Synceflus (see i. 5, 49). It forms an appropr 1 CONC iate designation since it makes Moses the recipient of al 1 CONC l the disclosures in the book. 2 The Testament of Moses. Th 1 CONC is title is found in the Catena of Nicephorus, i. 175, wher 1 CONC e it precedes a quotation from x. 21 of our book. It has, h 1 CONC owever, nothing to do with the Testament of Moses, which ha 1 CONC s become universally known under the wrong title -the Assum 1 CONC ption of Moses. Ronsch and other scholars formerly sought t 1 CONC o identify Jubilees with this second Testament of Moses, bu 1 CONC t this identification is shown to be impossible by the fac 1 CONC t that in the Stichometry of Nicephorus 4,300 stichoi are a 1 CONC ssigned to Jubilees and only 1100 to this Testament of Mose 1 CONC s. On the probability of a Testament of Moses having been i 1 CONC n circulation -which was in reality an expansion of Jubilee 1 CONC s ii-iii see my edition of Jubilees, p. xviii. 3 The Book o 1 CONC f Adam's Daughters. This book is identified with Jubilees i 1 CONC n the Decree of Gelasius, but it probably consisted merel 1 CONC y of certain excerpts from Jubilees dealing with the name 1 CONC s and histories of the women mentioned in it. Such a collec 1 CONC tion, as we have already seen, exists in Syriac, and its Gr 1 CONC eek prototype was used by the scribe of the LXX MS. no.13 1 CONC 5 in Holmes and Parsons' edition. 4 The Life of Adam. Thi 1 CONC s title is found in Syncellus i. 7-9. It seems to have bee 1 CONC n an enlarged edition of the portion of Jubilees, which dea 1 CONC lt with the life of Adam. 1 CONT 3. THE ETHIOPIC MSS. 1 CONT There are four Ethiopic MSS., a b c d, the first and fourt 1 CONC h of which belong to the National Library in Paris, the sec 1 CONC ond to the British Museum, and the third to the Universit 1 CONC y Library at Tubingen. Of these a b (of the fifteenth and s 1 CONC ixteenth century respectively) are the most trustworthy, th 1 CONC ough they cannot be followed exclusively. In a, furthermore 1 CONC , the readings of the Ethiopic version of Genesis have repl 1 CONC aced the original against bed in iii. 4, 6, 7, 19, 29; iv 1 CONC . 4, 8, &c. For a full description of these MSS. the reade 1 CONC r can consult Charles's Ethiopic Version of the Hebrew Boo 1 CONC k of Jubilees, pp. xii seqq. 1 CONT 4. THE ANCIENT VERSIONS-GREEK, ETHIOPIC, LATIN, SYRIAC. 1 CONT (a) The Greek Version is lost save for some fragments whic 1 CONC h survive in Epiphanius [(Gk.) peri Metron kai Stathmon] (e 1 CONC d. Dindorf, vol. iv. 27-8). This fragment, which consists o 1 CONC f ii. 2-21, is published with critical notes in Charles's e 1 CONC dition of the Ethiopic text. Other fragments of this versio 1 CONC n are preserved in Justin Martyr, Origen, Diodorus of Antio 1 CONC ch, Isidore of Alexandria, Isidore of Seville, Eutychius, P 1 CONC atriarch of Alexandria, John of Malala, Syncellus, Cedrenus 1 CONC . Syncellus attributes to the Canonical Genesis statement 1 CONC s derived from our text. This version is the parent of th 1 CONC e Ethiopic and Latin Versions. 1 CONT (b) The Ethiopic Version. This version is most accurate an 1 CONC d trustworthy and indeed as a rule servilely literal. It ha 1 CONC s, of course, suffered from the corruptions naturally incid 1 CONC ent to transmission through MSS. Thus dittographies are fre 1 CONC quent and lacunae are of occasional occurrence, but the ver 1 CONC sion is singularly free from the glosses and corrections o 1 CONC f unscrupulous scribes, though the temptation must have bee 1 CONC n great to bring it into accord with the Ethiopic version o 1 CONC f Genesis. To this source, indeed, we must trace a few perv 1 CONC ersions of the text: 'my wife' in iii. 6 instead of 'wife' 1 CONC ; xv 12; xvii. 12 ('her bottle' instead of 'the bottle'); x 1 CONC xiv. 19 (where the words 'a well' are not found in the Lati 1 CONC n version of Jubilees, nor in the Mass., Sam., LXX, Syr., a 1 CONC nd Vulg. of Gen. xxvi. 19). In the above passages the whol 1 CONC e version is influenced, but in a much greater degree has t 1 CONC his influence operated on MS. a. Thus in iii. 4, 6, 7, 19 1 CONC , 29, iv. 4, 8, v.3, vi. 9, &c., the readings of the Ethiop 1 CONC ic version of Genesis have replaced the original text. In t 1 CONC he case of b there appears to be only one instance of thi 1 CONC s nature in xv. 15 (see Charles's Text, pp. xii seqq.). 1 CONT For instances of corruption native to this version, see Cha 1 CONC rles on ii. 2, 7, 21, vi. 21, vii. 22, x. 6, 21, xvi. 18, x 1 CONC xiv. 20, 29, xxxi. 2, xxxix. 4, xli. 15, xlv. 4, xlviii. 6. 1 CONT (c) The Latin Version. This version, of which about one-fou 1 CONC rth has been preserved, was first published by Ceriani in h 1 CONC is Monnmenta sacra et profana, 1861, tom. i. fase. i. 15-62 1 CONC . It contains the following sections: xiii. 10b-21; xv. 20b 1 CONC -31a; xvi. 5b-xvii. 6a; xviii. 10b-xix. 25; xx. 5b-xxi. 10a 1 CONC ; xxii. 2-19a; xxiii. 8b-23a; xxiv. 13-xxv. 1a; xxvi. 8b-23 1 CONC a; xxvii. 11b-24a; xxviii. 16b-27a; xxix. 8b-xxxi. 1a; xxxi 1 CONC . 9b-1 8, 29b-32; xxxii. 1-8a, 18b-xxxiii. 9a, 18b-xxxiv. 5 1 CONC a; xxxv. 3b-12a; xxxvi. 20b-xxxvii. 5a; xxxviii. 1b-16a; xx 1 CONC xix. 9-xl. 8a; xli. 6b-18; xlii. 2b-14a; xlv. 8-xlvi. 1, 12 1 CONC -xlviii. 5; xlix. 7b-22. This version was next edited by Ro 1 CONC nsch in 1874, Das Buch der Fubilaen . . . unter Befugung de 1 CONC s revidirten Textes der . . . lateinisehen Fragmente. Thi 1 CONC s work attests enormous industry and great learning, but i 1 CONC s deficient in judgement and critical acumen. Ronsch was o 1 CONC f opinion that this Latin version was made in Egypt or it 1 CONC s neighbourhood by a Palestinian Jew about the middle of th 1 CONC e fifth century (pp.459-60). In 1895 Charles edited this te 1 CONC xt afresh in conjunction with the Ethiopic in the Oxford An 1 CONC ecdota (The Ethiopic Version of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees 1 CONC ). To this work and that of Ronsch above the reader must b 1 CONC e referred for a fuller treatment of this subject. Here w 1 CONC e may draw attention to the following points. This version 1 CONC , where it is preserved, is almost of equal value with th 1 CONC e Ethiopic. It has, however, suffered more at the hands o 1 CONC f correctors. Thus it has been corrected in conformity wit 1 CONC h the LXX in xlvi. 14, where it adds 'et Oon' against all o 1 CONC ther authorities. The Ethiopic version of Exod. i. 11 migh 1 CONC t have been expected to bring about this addition in our Et 1 CONC hiopic text, but it did not. Two similar instances will b 1 CONC e found in xvii. 5, xxiv. 20. Again the Latin version seem 1 CONC s to have been influenced by the Vulgate in xxix. 13. xlii 1 CONC . II (canos meos where our Ethiopic text = [(Gk.) mou to ge 1 CONC ras] as in LXX of Gen. xlii. 38); and probably also in xlvi 1 CONC i. 7, 8, and certainly in xlv. 12, where it reads 'in tot 1 CONC a terra' for 'in terra'. Of course there is the possibilit 1 CONC y that the Latin has reproduced faithfully the Greek and th 1 CONC at the Greek was faulty; or in case it was correct, that i 1 CONC t was the Greek presupposed by our Ethiopic version that wa 1 CONC s at fault. 1 CONT Two other passages are deserving of attention, xix. 14 an 1 CONC d xxxix. 13. In the former the Latin version 'et creverun 1 CONC t et iuvenes facti sunt' agrees with the Ethiopic version o 1 CONC f Gen. xxv. 27 against the Ethiopic version of Jubilees an 1 CONC d all other authorities on Gen. xxv. 27. Here the peculia 1 CONC r reading can be best explained as having originated in th 1 CONC e Greek. In the second passage, the clause 'eorum quae fieb 1 CONC ant in carcere' agrees with the Ethiopic version of Gen. xx 1 CONC xix. 23 against the Ethiopic version of Jubilees and all ot 1 CONC her authorities on Gen. xxxix. 23. On the other hand, ther 1 CONC e is a large array of passages in which the Latin version p 1 CONC reserves the true text over against corruptions or omission 1 CONC s in the Ethiopic version: cf. xvi. 16, xix. 5, 10, 11, xx 1 CONC . 6, 10, xxi. 3, xxii. 3, &c. (see my Text, p. xvi). 1 CONT (d) The Syriac Version. The evidence as to the existence o 1 CONC f a Syriac is not conclusive. It is based on the fact tha 1 CONC t a British Museum MS. (Add. 12154, fol. 180) contains a Sy 1 CONC riac fragment entitled, Names of the Wives of the Patriarch 1 CONC s according to the Hebrew Book called Jubilees.' It was fir 1 CONC st published by Ceriani in his Monumeitta Sacra, 1861, torn 1 CONC . ii. fasc. i. 9-10, and reprinted by Charles as Appendix I 1 CONC II to his Text of Jubilees (p. 183). 1 CONT 5. THE ETHIOPIC AND LATIN VERSIONS-TRANSLATIONS FROM THE GR 1 CONC EEK. 1 CONT Like all the biblical literature in Ethiopic, Jubilees wa 1 CONC s translated into Ethiopic from the Greek. Greek words suc 1 CONC h as [drus, balanos, lips, schinos, pharaggs, &c., are tran 1 CONC sliterated into Ethiopic. Secondly, many passages must be r 1 CONC etranslated into Greek before we can discover the source o 1 CONC f their corruptions. And finally, many names are transliter 1 CONC ated as they appear in Greek and not in Hebrew. 1 CONT That the Latin is derived directly from the Greek is no les 1 CONC s obvious. Thus in xxxix. 12 [(Lt.) timoris = (Gk.) deilias 1 CONC ], a corruption of douleias; in xxxviii. 13 [(Lt.) honore 1 CONC m = (Gk.) timen], which should have been rendered by (Lt. 1 CONC ) tributum. Another class of mistranslations may be seen i 1 CONC n passages where the Greek article is rendered by the Lati 1 CONC n demonstrative as in (Lt.) huius Abrahae xxix. i6, huic Is 1 CONC trael xxxi. 15. Other evidence pointing in the same directi 1 CONC on is to be found in the Greek constructions which have bee 1 CONC n reproduced in the Latin; such as xvii. 3 (Lt.) mem or fui 1 CONC t sermones' = (Gk.) hemnesthe tous logous: in xv. 22 (Lt. 1 CONC ) consummavit loquens = (Gk.) Sunetelese lalon: in xxii 1 CONC . 8 (Lt.) 'in omnibus quibus dedisti' = en pasin ois edokas 1 CONC . 1 CONT 6. THE GREEK-A TRANSLATION FROM THE HEBREW. 1 CONT The early date of our book -the second century B.C.- and th 1 CONC e fact that it was written in Palestine speak for a Semiti 1 CONC c original, and the evidence for such an original is conclu 1 CONC sive. But the question at once arises, was the original wri 1 CONC tten in Hebrew or Aramaic? Certain proper names in the Lati 1 CONC n version ending in -in seem to bespeak an Aramaic original 1 CONC , as Cettin xxiv. 28; Adurin xxxviii. 8,9; Filistin xxiv. 1 1 CONC 4-16. But since in all these cases the Ethiopic translitera 1 CONC tions end in -n and not in -nit is not improbable that thi 1 CONC s Aramaising in the Latin version is due to the translator 1 CONC , who, as Ronsch has concluded on other grounds, was a Pale 1 CONC stinian Jew. Again, in the list of the twelve trees suitabl 1 CONC e for burning on the altar some are transliterations of Ara 1 CONC maic names. But in a late Hebrew work -written at the clos 1 CONC e of the second century B.C.- the popular names of such obj 1 CONC ects would naturally be used. Moreover, in certain cases th 1 CONC e Hebrew may have already been forgotten, or, when the tre 1 CONC e had been lately introduced, been non-existent. 1 CONT But the arguments for a Hebrew original are many and weight 1 CONC y. (1) A work which claims to be from the hand of Moses wou 1 CONC ld naturally be written in Hebrew; for Hebrew, according t 1 CONC o our author, was the sacred and national language, xii. 25 1 CONC -6; xliii. 15. (2) The revival of the national spirit is, s 1 CONC o far as we know, accompanied by a revival of the nationa 1 CONC l language. (3) The existing text must be retranslated int 1 CONC o Hebrew in order to explain unintelligible expressions an 1 CONC d restore the true text. Thus (Ar.) la 'eleja in xliii. 1 1 CONC 1 = (Gk.) en emoi; which is a mistranslation in this contex 1 CONC t of (Hb.); for (Hb.) here = (Gk.) deomai, 'pray,' as in Ge 1 CONC n. xliv. 18. In xlvii. 9 the text = (Lt.) 'domum (= Hb. ) F 1 CONC araonis', but the context demands (Lt.) 'filiam (= Hb.) Far 1 CONC aonis',though here the argument is not conclusive, since (H 1 CONC b.) might have been corruptly written for (Hb.) which in Ar 1 CONC amaic = 'daughter'. Again in xxxvi. 10 (cp. also xxxix. 6 1 CONC ) the text = (Gk.) ouk anabesetai (= ja'arg) (Gk.) eis to b 1 CONC iblion tes zoes. But ja'arg must = 'will be recorded'. No 1 CONC w this meaning is unattested elsewhere in Ethiopic, but th 1 CONC e difficulty is solved when we find that it is a Hebrew idi 1 CONC om: see I Chron. xxvii. 24, 2 Chron. xx. 34. (4) Many paron 1 CONC omasiae discover themselves on retranslation into Hebrew, a 1 CONC s in iv. 9 there is a play on the name Enoch, in iv. 15 o 1 CONC n Jared, in viii. 8 on Peleg, &c. (5) Many passages are pre 1 CONC served in Rabbinic writings, and the book has much matter i 1 CONC n common with the Testaments xii Patriarchs, 'which was wri 1 CONC tten about the same date in Hebrew. Both books, in fact, us 1 CONC e a chronology peculiar to themselves. (6) Fragments of th 1 CONC e original Hebrew text or of the sources used by its autho 1 CONC r are to be found in the Book of Noah and the Midrasch Wajj 1 CONC isau in Jellinek's Beth-ha-Midrasch, iii. 155-6, 3-5, repri 1 CONC nted in Charles's edition of the Ethiopic text on pp. 179-8 1 CONC 1. 1 CONT 7. TEXTUAL AFFINITIES. 1 CONT A minute study of the text shows that it attests an indepen 1 CONC dent form of the Hebrew text of Genesis and the early chapt 1 CONC ers of Exodus. Thus it agrees with individual authorities s 1 CONC uch as the Samaritan or the LXX, or the Syriac, or the Vulg 1 CONC ate, or the Targum of Onkelos against all the rest. Or agai 1 CONC n it agrees with two or more of these authorities in opposi 1 CONC tion to the rest, as for instance with the Massoretic and S 1 CONC amaritan against the LXX, Syriac and Vulgate, or with the M 1 CONC assoretic and Onkelos against the Samaritan, LXX, Syriac, a 1 CONC nd Vulgate, or with the Massoretic, Samaritan and Syriac ag 1 CONC ainst the LXX or Vulgate. But the reader must here be refer 1 CONC red to Charles's Book of Jubilees (pp. xxxiii--xxxix) fo 1 CONC r a full classification of these instances. A study of thes 1 CONC e phenomena proves that our book represents some form of th 1 CONC e Hebrew text midway between the forms presupposed by the L 1 CONC XX and the Syriac; for it agrees more frequently with the L 1 CONC XX, or with combinations into which the LXX enters, than wi 1 CONC th any other single authority. Next to the LXX it agrees mo 1 CONC st often with the Syriac or with combinations into which th 1 CONC e Syriac enters. On the other hand, its independence of th 1 CONC e LXX is shown by a large array of readings, where it has t 1 CONC he support of the Samaritan and Massoretic, or of these wit 1 CONC h various combinations of the Syriac, Vulgate and Onkelos 1 CONC . From these and like considerations we may conclude that t 1 CONC he textual evidence points to the composition of our book a 1 CONC t some period between 250 B.C. and 100 A.D. and at a time n 1 CONC earer the earlier date than the latter. 4 1 CONT 8. THE VALUE OF THE BOOK OF JUBILEES IN THE CRITICISM OF TH 1 CONC E MASSORETIC TEXT OF THE BOOK OF GENESIS. 1 CONT From a study of the facts which are referred to in the prec 1 CONC eding Section it will be clear that before and after the Ch 1 CONC ristian era the Hebrew text did not possess any hard and fa 1 CONC st tradition. It will further be obvious that the Massoreti 1 CONC c form of this text, which has so long been generally as co 1 CONC nservative of the most ancient tradition and as therefore f 1 CONC inal, is after all only one of many phases through which th 1 CONC e text passed in the process of over 1,000 years, ie. 400 B 1 CONC .C. till A.D. 600, or thereabouts. 1 CONT As we pursue the examination of the materials just mentione 1 CONC d we shall see grounds for regarding the Massoretic text a 1 CONC s the result partly of conscious recension and partly of un 1 CONC conscious change extending over many centuries. How this pr 1 CONC ocess affected the text in the centuries immediately preced 1 CONC ing and subsequent to the Christian era, we have some mean 1 CONC s of determining in the Hebrew-Samaritan text which, howeve 1 CONC r much it may have been tampered with on religious or polem 1 CONC ical grounds, still preserves in many cases the older readi 1 CONC ng, even as it preserves the older of the alphabet. Next w 1 CONC e have the LXX of the Pentateuch, to which we may assign th 1 CONC e date 200 B.C.; next the Book of Jubilees just before th 1 CONC e Christian era; the Syriac Pentateuch before A.D. 100; th 1 CONC e Vulgate of the fourth century; the Targums of Onkelos an 1 CONC d Ps.-Jon. in their present form A.D. 300-600. 1 CONT We have above remarked that the evidence of 6 shows that th 1 CONC e Massoretic text is only one of the phases through which t 1 CONC he Hebrew text has passed; and if we consider afresh the ma 1 CONC terials of evidence suggested in that Section in connexio 1 CONC n with their dates, and given in some fullness in the Intro 1 CONC ductions to Charles's Text and Commentary, we shall discove 1 CONC r that in some respects it is one of the latest phases of t 1 CONC he Hebrew Pentateuch that has been stereotyped by Jewish sc 1 CONC holars in the Massoretic text. 1 CONT This conclusion will tally perfectly with the tradition tha 1 CONC t all existing Massoretic MSS. are derived in the main fro 1 CONC m one archetype, i.e. the Hebrew Codex left behind him by B 1 CONC en Asher, who lived in the tenth century, and whose famil 1 CONC y had lived at Tiberias in the eighth. 1 CONT We shall now proceed to give a list of readings in the Mass 1 CONC oretic text which should be corrected into accord with th 1 CONC e readings attested by such great authorities as the Sam. 1 CONC , LXX, Jub., Syr., VuIg. 1 CONT The following list was published in Charles's Ethiopic Vers 1 CONC ion of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees in 1895. More than two-t 1 CONC hirds of the emendations of the Book of Genesis here sugges 1 CONC ted were subsequently accepted independently, on the eviden 1 CONC ce of the Sam., LXX, Syr., Vulg., without a knowledge of Ju 1 CONC bilees, by C.J. Ball in his edition of the Hebrew Text of G 1 CONC enesis, 1896, by Kittel in his edition of the Hebrew Text o 1 CONC f Genesis, 1905, and more than half in the recent Commentar 1 CONC y of Gunkel. 1 CONT [What follows contains many phrases written in Hebrew. At t 1 CONC he time of scanning there was not an accessible means to ac 1 CONC curately reproduce the Hebrew script. If this information i 1 CONC s desired please see Mr. Charles book.] 1 CONT 9. DATE OF (a) THE ORIGINAL TEXT AND (b) OF THE VERSIONS. 1 CONT (a) Jubilees was written between 153 B.C. and the year of H 1 CONC yrcanus' breach with the Pharisees. (1) It was written duri 1 CONC ng the pontificate of the Maccabean family, and not earlie 1 CONC r than 155 B.C., when this office was assumed by Jonathan t 1 CONC he Maccabee. For in xxxii. 1, Levi is called a 'priest of t 1 CONC he Most High God.' Now the only Jewish high-priests who bor 1 CONC e this title were the Maccabean, who appear to have assume 1 CONC d it as reviving the order of Melchizedek when they displac 1 CONC ed the Zadokite order of Aaron. Despite the objections of t 1 CONC he Pharisees, it was used by the Maccabean princes down t 1 CONC o Hyrcanus II (Jos. Ant. xvi. 6.2). (2) It was written befo 1 CONC re 96 B.C.; for since our author was of the strictest sec 1 CONC t a Pharisee and at the same time an upholder of the Maccab 1 CONC ean pontificate, Jubilees cannot have been written later th 1 CONC an 96, when the Pharisees and Alexander Jannaeus were openl 1 CONC y engaged in mortal strife. (3) It was written before the p 1 CONC ublic breach between Hyrcanus and the Pharisees when Hyrcan 1 CONC us joined the Sadducean party. As Hyrcanus died in 105, ou 1 CONC r book was written between 153 and 105. 1 CONT But it is possible to define these limits more closely. Th 1 CONC e book presupposes as its historical background the most fl 1 CONC ourishing period of the Maccabean hegemony -such as that un 1 CONC der Simon and Hyrcanus. The conquest of Edom, which was ach 1 CONC ieved by the latter, is referred to in xxxviii. 14. Again o 1 CONC ur text reflects accurately the intense hatred of Judah tow 1 CONC ards the Philistines in the second century B.C. It declare 1 CONC s that they will fall into the hands of the righteous natio 1 CONC n, and we learn from I Macc. and Josephus that Ashdod and G 1 CONC aza were destroyed by Hyrcanus and Alexander Jannaeus respe 1 CONC ctively. But it is in the destruction of Samaria, which i 1 CONC s adumbrated in the destruction of Shechem, xxx. 4-6, tha 1 CONC t we are to look for the true terminus a quo. Now all accou 1 CONC nts agree in representing the destruction of Samaria as eff 1 CONC ected by Hyrcanus about four years before his death. Henc 1 CONC e we conclude that Jubilees was written between 109 and 10 1 CONC 5 B.C. 1 CONT Many other phenomena point to the second-century origin o 1 CONC f our book, which are given in Charles's edition, pp. lviii 1 CONC -lxvi. Amongst these we might mention the currency of olde 1 CONC r and severer forms of the halacha than prevailed in the ra 1 CONC bbinical schools, or were registered in the Mishnah. The se 1 CONC vere halacha regarding the sabbath in 1.8, 12, were indubit 1 CONC ably in force in the second century B.C., if not earlier, b 1 CONC ut were afterwards mitigated by the Mishnah and later Judai 1 CONC sm. Again the strict halacha in xv. 14 regarding circumcisi 1 CONC on on the eighth day was a current, probably the current, v 1 CONC iew in the second century B.C. and earlier, since it has th 1 CONC e support of the Samaritan text and the LXX. This strict la 1 CONC w was subsequently relaxed in the Mishnah. In xxxii. 15 th 1 CONC e severe law of tithing found in Lev. xxvii. 15 is enforced 1 CONC , but rabbinic tradition sought to weaken the statement. A 1 CONC s regards the halacha laid down in iii. 31 regarding the du 1 CONC ty of covering one's shame, it is highly probable that suc 1 CONC h a halacha did exist in the second century B.C., when Juda 1 CONC ism was protesting against the exposure of the person in th 1 CONC e Greek games. See also iii. 8-14 notes and xx. 4 note. 1 CONT Other cases of strict rules afterwards relaxed are the limi 1 CONC tation of trees for use with burnt offerings (see xxi. 12-1 1 CONC 5 notes), the restriction of the eating of the passover t 1 CONC o the court of the Lords house (see xlix. 20 note), the clo 1 CONC se adherence to the exacting demand of Lev. xix. 24 that th 1 CONC e fourth year's fruit should be holy (see vii. 36 notes), t 1 CONC hough here we have a variant reading. Note that the rest o 1 CONC f the firstfruits belong to the priests, who are to eat the 1 CONC m 'before the altar.' On the other hand, the thank-offering 1 CONC s in xxi. 8-10 do not belong to the priest. The computatio 1 CONC n of the Feast of Weeks is different from the later prevale 1 CONC nt Pharisaic reckoning (see xv. 1 note; xvi. 13, xliv. 4-5) 1 CONC , while the account of the Feast of Tabernacles in xvi. 21- 1 CONC 31 is peculiar to Jubilees. 1 CONT Finally, we might draw attention to the fact that the Phari 1 CONC saic regulation about pouring water on the altar (Jer. Sukk 1 CONC . iv. 6; Sukk. 44a) at the feast of tabernacles appears t 1 CONC o have been unknown to him. We know that the attempt of th 1 CONC e Pharisees to enforce its adoption on Alexander Jannaeus r 1 CONC esulted in a massacre of the former. Attention might also b 1 CONC e drawn to the fact that the Priests and Levites still numb 1 CONC ered in their ranks, as in the days of the author of Chroni 1 CONC cles, the masters of the schools and the men of learning, a 1 CONC nd that these positions were not filled as in the days of S 1 CONC hammai and Hillel by men drawn from the laity. This inferen 1 CONC ce is to be deduced from the fact that the Levites are repr 1 CONC esented as the guardians of the sacred books and of the sec 1 CONC ret lore transmitted from the worthies of old time (x. 4, x 1 CONC lv. 16). 1 CONT (b) Date of the Ethiopic and Latin Versions. There is no ev 1 CONC idence for determining the exact date of the Ethiopic versi 1 CONC on, but since it was practically regarded as a canonical bo 1 CONC ok it was probably made in the sixth century. Ronsch, as w 1 CONC e have already pointed out in 4, gives some evidence for re 1 CONC garding the Latin version as made in the fifth century. 1 CONT 10 JUBILEES FROM ONE AUTHOR BUT BASED ON EASTERN BOOKS AN 1 CONC D TRADITIONS. 1 CONT Our book is the work of one author, but is largely based o 1 CONC n earlier books and traditions. The narrative of Genesis fo 1 CONC rms of course the bulk of the book, but much that is charac 1 CONC teristic in it is due to his use of many pseudepigraphic an 1 CONC d ancient traditions. Amongst the former might be mentione 1 CONC d the Book of Noah, from which in a modified form he borrow 1 CONC s vii. 20-39, x. 1-15. In vii. 26-39 he reproduces his sour 1 CONC ce so faithfully that he leaves the persons unchanged, an 1 CONC d forgets to adapt this fragment to its new context. Simila 1 CONC rly our author lays the Book of Enoch under contribution, a 1 CONC nd is of great value in this respect in determining the dat 1 CONC es of the various sections of this book. See Introd. to I B 1 CONC ook of Enoch, in loc. For other authorities and tradition 1 CONC s used by our author see Charles's edition, 13. 1 CONT 11. JUBILEES IS A PRODUCT OF THE MIDRASHIC TENDENCY WHICH H 1 CONC AD BEEN ALREADY AT WORK IN THE O.T. BOOKS OF CHRONICLES. 1 CONT The Chronicler rewrote with an object the earlier history o 1 CONC f Israel and Judah already recounted in Samuel and Kings. H 1 CONC is object was to represent David and his pious successors a 1 CONC s observing all the prescripts of the law according to th 1 CONC e Priests' Code. In the course of this process all facts th 1 CONC at did not square with the Chronicler's presuppositions wer 1 CONC e either omitted or transformed. Now the author of Jubilee 1 CONC s sought to do for Genesis what the Chronicler had done fo 1 CONC r Samuel and Kings, and so he rewrote it in such a way as t 1 CONC o show that the law was rigorously observed even by the Pat 1 CONC riarchs. The author represents his book to be as a whol 1 CONC e a revelation of God to Moses, forming a supplement to an 1 CONC d an interpretation of the Pentateuch, which he designate 1 CONC s 'the first law' (vi. 22). This revelation was in part a s 1 CONC ecret republication of the traditions handed down from fath 1 CONC er to son in antediluvian and subsequent times. From the ti 1 CONC me of Moses onwards it was preserved in the hands of the pr 1 CONC iesthood, till the time came for its being made known. 1 CONT Our author's procedure is of course in direct antagonism wi 1 CONC th the presuppositions of the Priests' Code in Genesis, fo 1 CONC r according to this code 'Noah may build no altar, Abraha 1 CONC m offer no sacrifice, Jacob erect no sacred pillar. No offe 1 CONC ring is recorded till Aaron and his sons are ready' (Carpen 1 CONC ter, The Hexateuch, i. 124). This fact seems to emphasize i 1 CONC n the strongest manner how freely our author reinterprete 1 CONC d his authorities for the past. But he was only using to th 1 CONC e full a right that had been exercised for nearly four cent 1 CONC uries already in regard to Prophecy and for four or thereab 1 CONC outs in regard to the law. 1 CONT 12. OBJECT OF JUBILEES -THE DEFENCE AND EXPOSITION OF JUDAI 1 CONC SM FROM THE PHARISAIC STANDPOINT OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. 1 CONT The object of our author was to defend Judaism against th 1 CONC e disintegrating effects of Hellenism, and this he did (a 1 CONC ) by glorifying the law as an eternal ordinance and represe 1 CONC nting the patriarchs as models of piety; (b) by glorifyin 1 CONC g Israel and insisting on its separation from the Gentiles 1 CONC ; and (e) by denouncing the Gentiles and particularly Israe 1 CONC l's national enemies. In this last respect Judaism regarde 1 CONC d its own attitude to the Gentiles as not only justifiabl 1 CONC e but also just, because it was a reflection of the divine. 1 CONT But on (a) it is to be observed further that to our autho 1 CONC r the law, as a whole, was the realization in time of wha 1 CONC t was in a sense timeless and eternal. It was observed no 1 CONC t only on earth by Israel but in heaven. Parts of the law m 1 CONC ight have only a time reference, to Israel on earth, but i 1 CONC n the privileges of circumcision and the Sabbath, as its hi 1 CONC ghest and everlasting expression, the highest orders of arc 1 CONC hangels in heaven shared with Israel (ii. i8, 19, 21; xv. 2 1 CONC 6-28). The law, therefore, was supreme, and could admit o 1 CONC f no assessor in the form of Prophecy. There was no longe 1 CONC r any prophet because the law had made the free exercise o 1 CONC f his gift an offence against itself and God. So far, there 1 CONC fore, as Prophecy existed, it could exist only under the gu 1 CONC ise of pseudonymity. The seer, who had like Daniel and othe 1 CONC rs a message for his time, could only gain a hearing by iss 1 CONC uing it under the name of some ancient worthy. 1 CONT 13. THE AUTHOR -A PHARISEE WHO RECOGNIZED THE MACCABEAN PON 1 CONC TIFICATE AND WAS PROBABLY A PRIEST. 1 CONT Since our author was an upholder of the everlasting validit 1 CONC y of the law, and held the strictest views on circumcision 1 CONC , the Sabbath, and the duty of complete separation from th 1 CONC e Gentiles, since he believed in angels and demons and a bl 1 CONC essed immortality, he was unquestionably a Pharisee of th 1 CONC e strictest sect. In the next place, he was a supporter o 1 CONC f the Maccabean pontificate. He glorifies Levi's successor 1 CONC s as high-priests and civil rulers, and applies to them th 1 CONC e title priests of the Most High God '-the title assumed b 1 CONC y the Maccabean princes (xxxii. 1). He was not, however, s 1 CONC o thoroughgoing an admirer of this dynasty as the authors o 1 CONC f Test. Lev. xviii. or Ps. cx, who expected the Messiah t 1 CONC o come forth from the Maccabean family. Finally, that our a 1 CONC uthor was a priest might reasonably be inferred from the ex 1 CONC altation of Levi over Judah (xxxi-xxxii), and from the stat 1 CONC ement in xlv. i6 that the secret traditions, which our auth 1 CONC or claims to publish, were kept in the hands of Levi's desc 1 CONC endants. 1 CONT 14. INFLUENCE ON LATER LITERATURE. 1 CONT On the influence of Jubilees on I Enoch i-v, xci-civ, Wisdo 1 CONC m (?), 4 Ezra, Chronicles of Jerachmeel, Midrash Tadshe, Bo 1 CONC ok of Jasher, the Samaritan Chronicle, on Patristic and oth 1 CONC er writings, and on the New Testament writers, see Charles' 1 CONC s edition, pp. lxxiii-lxxxvi. 1 CONT 15. THEOLOGY. SOME OF OUR AUTHOR'S VIEWS. 1 CONT Freedom and determinism. The author of Jubilees is a true P 1 CONC harisee in that he combines belief in Divine omnipotence an 1 CONC d providence with the belief in human freedom and responsib 1 CONC ility. He would have adopted heartily the statement of th 1 CONC e Pss. Sol. ix. 7 (written some sixty years or more later 1 CONC ) (Gk.) ta erga emon en ekloge kai exousia tes psuches emon 1 CONC , tou poiesai dikaiosunen kai adikian en ergois cheiron emo 1 CONC n: v. 6 anthropos kai e meris autou para soi en stathmo o 1 CONC u prosthesei tou pleonasai para to krima sou, o theos. Thu 1 CONC s the path in which a man should walk is ordained for him a 1 CONC nd the judgement of all men predetermined on the heavenly t 1 CONC ablets: 'And the judgment of all is ordained and written o 1 CONC n the heavenly tablets in righteousness -even the judgmen 1 CONC t of all who depart from the path which is ordained for the 1 CONC m to walk in' (v.13). This idea of an absolute determinis 1 CONC m underlies many conceptions of the heavenly tablets (see C 1 CONC harles's edition, iii. 10 note). On the other hand, man's f 1 CONC reedom and responsibility are fully recognized: 'If they wa 1 CONC lk not therein, judgment is written down for every creature 1 CONC ' (v. 13): 'Beware lest thou walk in their ways, And trea 1 CONC d in their paths, And sin a sin unto death before the Mos 1 CONC t High God. Else He will give thee back into the hand of th 1 CONC y transgression.' Even when a man has sinned deeply he ca 1 CONC n repent and be forgiven (xli. 24 seq.), but the human wil 1 CONC l needs the strengthening of a moral dynamic: 'May the Mos 1 CONC t High God . . . strengthen thee to do His will' (xxi. 25 1 CONC , xxii. 10). 1 CONT The Fall. The effects of the Fall were limited to Adam an 1 CONC d the animal creation. Adam was driven from the garden (iii 1 CONC . 17 seqq.) and the animal creation was robbed of the powe 1 CONC r of speech (iii. 28). But the subsequent depravity of th 1 CONC e human race is not traced to the Fall but to the seductio 1 CONC n of the daughters of men by the angels, who had been sen 1 CONC t down to instruct men (v.1-4), and to the solicitations o 1 CONC f demonic spirits (vii. 27). The evil engendered by the for 1 CONC mer was brought to an end by the destruction of all the des 1 CONC cendants of the angels and of their victims by the Deluge 1 CONC , but the incitement to sin on the part of the demons was t 1 CONC o last to the final judgement (vii. 27, x. 1-15, xi. 4 seq. 1 CONC , xii. 20). This last view appears in I Enoch and the N.T. 1 CONT The Law. The law was of eternal validity. It was not the ex 1 CONC pression of the religious consciousness of one or of severa 1 CONC l ages, but the revelation in time of what was valid from t 1 CONC he beginning and unto all eternity. The various enactment 1 CONC s of the law moral and ritual, were written on the heavenl 1 CONC y tablets (iii. 31, vi. 17, &c.) and revealed to man throug 1 CONC h the mediation of angels (i. 27). This conception of the l 1 CONC aw, as I have already pointed out, made prophecy impossibl 1 CONC e unless under the guise of pseudonymity. Since the law wa 1 CONC s the ultimate and complete expression of absolute truth, t 1 CONC here was no room for any further revelation: much less coul 1 CONC d any such revelation, were it conceivable, supersede a sin 1 CONC gle jot or tittle of the law as already revealed. The idea 1 CONC l of the faithful Jew was to be realized in the fulfilmen 1 CONC t of the moral and ritual precepts of this law: the latte 1 CONC r were of no less importance than the former. Though this v 1 CONC iew of morality tends to be mainly external, our author str 1 CONC ikes a deeper note when he declares that, when Israel turne 1 CONC d to God with their whole heart, He would circumcise the fo 1 CONC reskin of their heart and create a right spirit within the 1 CONC m and cleanse them, so that they would not turn away from H 1 CONC im for ever (i. 23). Our author specially emphasizes certai 1 CONC n elements of the law such as circumcision (xvi. 14, xv. 26 1 CONC , 29), the Sabbath (ii. 18 seq., 31 seq.), eating of bloo 1 CONC d (vi. 14), tithing of the tithe (xxxii. 10), Feast of Tabe 1 CONC rnacles (xvi. 29), Feast of Weeks (vi. 17), the absolute pr 1 CONC ohibition of mixed marriages (xx. 4, xxii. 20, xxv. 1-10) 1 CONC . In connexion with many of these he enunciates halacha whi 1 CONC ch belong to an earlier date than those in the Mishnah, bu 1 CONC t which were either modified or abrogated by later authorit 1 CONC ies. 1 CONT The Messiah. Although our author is an upholder of the Macc 1 CONC abean dynasty he still clings like the writer of I Enoch lx 1 CONC xxiii-xc to the hope of a Messiah sprung from Judah. He mak 1 CONC es, however, only one reference to this Messiah, and no rol 1 CONC e of any importance is assigned to him (see Charles's editi 1 CONC on, xxxi. 18 n.). The Messianic expectation showed no vigor 1 CONC ous life throughout this century till it was identified wit 1 CONC h the Maccabean family. If we are right in regarding the Me 1 CONC ssianic kingdom as of temporary duration, this is the firs 1 CONC t instance in which the Messiah is associated with a tempor 1 CONC ary Messianic kingdom. 1 CONT The Messianic kingdom. According to our author (i. 29, xxii 1 CONC i. 30) this kingdom was to be brought about gradually by th 1 CONC e progressive spiritual development of man and a correspond 1 CONC ing transformation of nature. Its members were to attain t 1 CONC o the full limit of 1,000 years in happiness and peace. Dur 1 CONC ing its continuance the powers of evil were to be restraine 1 CONC d (xxiii. 29). The last judgement was apparently to take pl 1 CONC ace at its close (xxiii. 30). This view was possibly derive 1 CONC d from Mazdeism. 1 CONT The writer of Jubilees, we can hardly doubt, thought that t 1 CONC he era of the Messianic kingdom had already set in. Such a 1 CONC n expectation was often cherished in the prosperous days o 1 CONC f the Maccabees. Thus it was entertained by the writer o 1 CONC f I Enoch lxxxiii-xc in the days of Judas before 161 B.C. W 1 CONC hether Jonathan was looked upon as the divine agent for int 1 CONC roducing the kingdom we cannot say, but as to Simon being r 1 CONC egarded in this light there is no doubt. Indeed, his contem 1 CONC poraries came to regard him as the Messiah himself, as we s 1 CONC ee from Psalm cx, or Hyrcanus in the noble Messianic hymn i 1 CONC n Test. Levi 18. The tame effus1on in 1 Macc. xiv. 8-15 i 1 CONC s a relic of such literature, which was emasculated by it 1 CONC s Sadducean editor. Simon was succeeded by John Hyrcanus i 1 CONC n 135 B.C. and this great prince seemed to his countrymen t 1 CONC o realize the expectations of the past; for according t 1 CONC o a contemporary writer (Test. Levi 8) he embraced in his o 1 CONC wn person the triple office of prophet, priest, and civil r 1 CONC uler (xxxi. i5), while according to the Test. Reuben 6 he w 1 CONC as to 'die on behalf of Israel in wars seen and unseen'. I 1 CONC n both these passages he seems to be accorded the Messiani 1 CONC c office, but not so in our author, as we have seen above 1 CONC . Hyrcanus is only to introduce the Messianic kingdom, ove 1 CONC r which the Messiah sprung from Judah is to rule. 1 CONT Priesthood of Melchizedek. That there was originally an acc 1 CONC ount of Melchizedek in our text we have shown in the note o 1 CONC n xiii. 2,5, and, that the Maccabean high-priests deliberat 1 CONC ely adopted the title applied to him in Gen. xiv, we have p 1 CONC ointed out in the note on xxxii. I. It would be interestin 1 CONC g to inquire how far the writer of Hebrews was indebted t 1 CONC o the history of the great Maccabean king-priests for the i 1 CONC dea of the Melchizedekian priesthood of which he has made s 1 CONC o fruitful a use in chap. vii as applied to our Lord. 1 CONT The Future Life. In our text all hope of a resurrection o 1 CONC f the body is abandoned. The souls of the righteous will en 1 CONC joy a blessed immortality after death (xxiii. 31). This i 1 CONC s the earliest attested instance of this expectation in th 1 CONC e last two centuries B.C. It is next found in Enoch xci-civ 1 CONC . 1 CONT The Jewish Calendar. For our author's peculiar views see Ch 1 CONC arles's edition 18 and the notes on vi. 29-30, 32, xv. I. 1 CONT Angelology. We shall confine our attention here to notabl 1 CONC e parallels between our author and the New Testament. Besid 1 CONC es the angels of the presence and the angels of sanctificat 1 CONC ion there are the angels who are set over natural phenomen 1 CONC a (ii. 2). These angels are inferior to the former. They d 1 CONC o not observe the Sabbath as the higher orders; for they ar 1 CONC e necessarily always engaged in their duties (ii. 18). It i 1 CONC s the higher orders that are generally referred to in the N 1 CONC ew Testament but the angels over natural phenomena are refe 1 CONC rred to in Revelation: angels of the winds in vii. 1, 2, th 1 CONC e angel of fire in xiv. 18, the angel of the waters in xvi 1 CONC . 5 (cf. Jub. ii. 2). Again, the guardian angels of individ 1 CONC uals, which the New Testament refers to in Matt. xviii. 1 1 CONC 0 (Acts xii. 15), are mentioned, for the first time in Jubi 1 CONC lees xxxv. 17. On the angelology of our author see Charles' 1 CONC s edition. 1 CONT Demonology. The demonology of our author reappears for th 1 CONC e most part in the New Testament: 1 CONT (a) The angels which kept not their first estate, Jud 1 CONC e 6 ; 2 Peter ii. 4, are the angelic watchers who, though s 1 CONC ent down to instruct mankind (Jub. iv. 15), fell from lusti 1 CONC ng after the daughters of men. Their fall and punishment ar 1 CONC e recorded in Jub. iv. 22, v.1-9. 1 CONT (b) The demons are the spirits which went forth from the so 1 CONC uls of the giants who were the children of the fallen angel 1 CONC s, Jub. v. 7, 9. These demons attacked men and ruled over t 1 CONC hem (x. 3, 6). Their purpose is to corrupt and lead astra 1 CONC y and destroy the wicked (x. 8). They are subject to the pr 1 CONC ince Mastema (x. 9), or Satan. Men sacrifice to them as god 1 CONC s (xxii. 17). They are to pursue their work of moral ruin t 1 CONC ill the judgement of Mastema (x. 8) or the setting up of th 1 CONC e Messianic kingdom, when Satan will be no longer able to i 1 CONC njure mankind (xxiii. 29). 1 CONT So in the New Testament, the demons are disembodied spirit 1 CONC s (Matt. xii. 43-5; Luke xi. 24-6). Their chief is Satan (M 1 CONC ark iii. 22). They are treated as divinities of the heathe 1 CONC n (I Cor. x. 20). They are not to be punished till the fina 1 CONC l judgement (Matt. viii. 29). On the advent of the Millenni 1 CONC um Satan will be bound (Rev. xx. 2-3). 1 CONT Judgement. The doctrine of retribution is strongly enforce 1 CONC d by our author. It is to be individual and national in thi 1 CONC s world and in the next. As regards the individual the la 1 CONC w of exact retribution is according to our author not merel 1 CONC y an enactment of human justice -the ancient lox talionis 1 CONC , eye for eye, tooth for tooth; it is observed by God in Hi 1 CONC s government of the world. The penalty follows in the lin 1 CONC e of the sin. This view is enforced in 2 Macc. v. 10, wher 1 CONC e it is said of Jason, that, as he robbed multitudes of th 1 CONC e rites of sepulture, so he himself was deprived of them i 1 CONC n turn, and in xv. 32 seq. it is recounted of Nicanor tha 1 CONC t he was punished in those members with which he had sinned 1 CONC . So also in our text in reference to Cain iv. 31 seq. an 1 CONC d the Egyptians xlviii. 14. Taken crassly and mechanicall 1 CONC y the above law is without foundation, but spiritually conc 1 CONC eived it represented the profound truth of the kinship of t 1 CONC he penalty to the sin enunciated repeatedly in the New Test 1 CONC ament: 'Whatsoever a man sows that shall he also reap' (Gal 1 CONC . vi.;); 'he that doeth wrong shall receive again the wron 1 CONC g that he hath done' (Col. iii. 25, &c.). Again in certai 1 CONC n cases the punishment was to follow instantaneously on th 1 CONC e transgression (xxxvii. 17). 1 CONT The final judgement was to take place at the close of the M 1 CONC essianic kingdom (xxiii. 30). This judgement embraces the h 1 CONC uman and superhuman worlds (v. 10 seq., 14). At this judgem 1 CONC ent there will be no respect of persons, but all will be ju 1 CONC dged according to their opportunities and abilities (v. 1 1 CONC 5 seq.). From the standpoint of our author there could be n 1 CONC o hope for the Gentiles. 1 CONT 16. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 CONT (a) Greek Version: see above, 4 (a). Ethiopic Version: thi 1 CONC s text was first edited by Dillmann from two MSS. cd in 185 1 CONC 9, and by R. H. Charles from four MSS. abcd. The Ethiopic V 1 CONC ersion of the Hebrew Book of Jubilees with the Hebrew, Syri 1 CONC ac, Greek, and Latin Fragments, Oxford, 1895. Latin Version 1 CONC : see above, 4 (a). 1 CONT (b) Translations. Dillrnann, Das Buch der Jubilaen . . . au 1 CONC s dem Aethiopischen ubersetzt (Ewald's Jahrbucher d. bibl 1 CONC . Wissensch., 1850-1, ii. 230-56; iii. 1-96). This translat 1 CONC ion is based on only one MS. Schodde, The Book of Jubilees 1 CONC , translated from the Ethiopic ('Bibliotheca Sacra,' 1885-7 1 CONC ): Charles, The Book of Jubilees, translated from a text ba 1 CONC sed on two hitherto uncollated Ethiopic MSS. (Jewish Quarte 1 CONC rly Review, 1893, v. 703-8; 1894, vi. 184-217, 710-45; 1895 1 CONC , vii. 297-328): Littmann, Das Buch der Jubilaen (Kantzsch' 1 CONC s Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des A. T., 1900, ii. 31-11 1 CONC 9). This translation is based on Charles's text. 1 CONT (c) Commentaries. Charles, The Book ofjubilees, 1902. Ronsc 1 CONC h published a Commentary on the Latin Version. See above, 4 1 CONC . 1 CONT (d) Critical Inquiries. Dillmann, 'Pseudepigraphen des A. T 1 CONC .,' Herzog's R. E.2, xii. 364-5; 'Beitrage aus dem Buche de 1 CONC r Jubilaen zur Kritik des Pentateuch-Textes' (Sitzungsberic 1 CONC hte der kgl. preussischen Akad., 1883); Beer, Das Buch de 1 CONC r Jubilaen, 1856; Singer, Das Buck der Jubilaen, 1898; Bohn 1 CONC , 'Die Pedeutung des Buches der Jubilaen' (Theol. Stud. u 1 CONC . Kritiken, 1900, 167-84). For a full bibliography see Char 1 CONC les's Commentary or Schurer. 1 CONT 1 CONT THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 1 CONT [Notes and dates added by Mr. Charles will not be given du 1 CONC e to length and difficulty in scanning and editing. If thi 1 CONC s information is desired, please see his book.] 1 CONT THIS is the history of the division of the days of the la 1 CONC w and of the testimony, of the events of the years, of thei 1 CONC r (year) weeks, of their Jubilees throughout all the year 1 CONC s of the world, as the Lord spake to Moses on Mount Sinai w 1 CONC hen he went up to receive the tables of the law and of th 1 CONC e commandment, according to the voice of God as he said unt 1 CONC o him, 'Go up to the top of the Mount.' 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 1] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And it came to pass in the first year of the exodus of th 1 CONC e children of Israel out of Egypt, in the third month, on t 1 CONC he sixteenth day of the month, [2450 Anno Mundi] that God s 1 CONC pake to Moses, saying: 'Come up to Me on the Mount, and I w 1 CONC ill give thee two tables of stone of the law and of the com 1 CONC mandment, which 1 CONT 2 I have written, that thou mayst teach them.' And Moses we 1 CONC nt up into the mount of God, and the 1 CONT 3 glory of the Lord abode on Mount Sinai, and a cloud overs 1 CONC hadowed it six days. And He called to Moses on the sevent 1 CONC h day out of the midst of the cloud, and the appearance o 1 CONC f the glory of the 1 CONT 4 Lord was like a flaming fire on the top of the mount. An 1 CONC d Moses was on the Mount forty days and forty nights, and G 1 CONC od taught him the earlier and the later history of the divi 1 CONC sion of all the days 1 CONT 5 of the law and of the testimony. And He said: 'Incline th 1 CONC ine heart to every word which I shall speak to thee on thi 1 CONC s mount, and write them in a book in order that their gener 1 CONC ations may see how I have not forsaken them for all the evi 1 CONC l which they have wrought in transgressing the covenant 1 CONT 6 which I establish between Me and thee for their generatio 1 CONC ns this day on Mount Sinai. And thus it will come to pass w 1 CONC hen all these things come upon them, that they will recogni 1 CONC se that I am more righteous than they in all their judgment 1 CONC s and in all their actions, and they will recognise that 1 CONT 7 I have been truly with them. And do thou write for thysel 1 CONC f all these words which I declare unto, thee this day, fo 1 CONC r I know their rebellion and their stiff neck, before I bri 1 CONC ng them into the land of which I sware to their fathers, t 1 CONC o Abraham and to Isaac and to Jacob, saying: ' Unto your se 1 CONC ed 1 CONT 8 will I give a land flowing with milk and honey. And the 1 CONC y will eat and be satisfied, and they will turn to strang 1 CONC e gods, to (gods) which cannot deliver them from aught of t 1 CONC heir tribulation: and this witness shall be heard for a wit 1 CONC ness against them. For they will forget all My commandments 1 CONC , (even) all that I command them, and they will walk afte 1 CONC r the Gentiles, and after their uncleanness, and after thei 1 CONC r shame, and will serve their gods, and these will 1 CONT 10 prove unto them an offence and a tribulation and an affl 1 CONC iction and a snare. And many will perish and they will be t 1 CONC aken captive, and will fall into the hands of the enemy, be 1 CONC cause they have forsaken My ordinances and My commandments 1 CONC , and the festivals of My covenant, and My sabbaths, and M 1 CONC y holy place which I have hallowed for Myself in their mids 1 CONC t, and My tabernacle, and My sanctuary, which I have hallow 1 CONC ed for Myself in the midst of the land, that I should set m 1 CONC y name 1 CONT 11 upon it, and that it should dwell (there). And they wil 1 CONC l make to themselves high places and groves and graven imag 1 CONC es, and they will worship, each his own (graven image), s 1 CONC o as to go astray, and they 1 CONT 12 will sacrifice their children to demons, and to all th 1 CONC e works of the error of their hearts. And I will send witne 1 CONC sses unto them, that I may witness against them, but they w 1 CONC ill not hear, and will slay the witnesses also, and they wi 1 CONC ll persecute those who seek the law, and they will abrogat 1 CONC e and change 1 CONT 13 everything so as to work evil before My eyes. And I wil 1 CONC l hide My face from them, and I will deliver them into th 1 CONC e hand of the Gentiles for captivity, and for a prey, and f 1 CONC or devouring, and I will remove them from the midst of th 1 CONC e land, and I will scatter them amongst the Gentiles. 1 CONT 14 And they will forget all My law and all My commandment 1 CONC s and all My judgments, and will go 1 CONT 15 astray as to new moons, and sabbaths, and festivals, an 1 CONC d jubilees, and ordinances. And after this they will turn t 1 CONC o Me from amongst the Gentiles with all their heart and wit 1 CONC h all their soul and with all their strength, and I will ga 1 CONC ther them from amongst all the Gentiles, and they will see 1 CONC k me, so 1 CONT 16 that I shall be found of them, when they seek me with al 1 CONC l their heart and with all their soul. And I will disclos 1 CONC e to them abounding peace with righteousness, and I will re 1 CONC move them the plant of uprightness, with all My heart and w 1 CONC ith all My soul, and they shall be for a blessing and not f 1 CONC or 1 CONT 17 a curse, and they shall be the head and not the tail. An 1 CONC d I will build My sanctuary in their midst, and I will dwel 1 CONC l with them, and I will be their God and they shall be My p 1 CONC eople in truth and 1 CONT 18, 19 righteousness. And I will not forsake them nor fai 1 CONC l them; for I am the Lord their God.' And Moses fell on hi 1 CONC s face and prayed and said, 'O Lord my God, do not forsak 1 CONC e Thy people and Thy inheritance, so that they should wande 1 CONC r in the error of their hearts, and do not deliver them int 1 CONC o the hands of their enemies, the Gentiles, lest they shoul 1 CONC d rule over them and cause them to sin against 1 CONT 20 Thee. Let thy mercy, O Lord, be lifted up upon Thy peopl 1 CONC e, and create in them an upright spirit, and let not the sp 1 CONC irit of Beliar rule over them to accuse them before Thee, a 1 CONC nd to ensnare them 1 CONT 21 from all the paths of righteousness, so that they may pe 1 CONC rish from before Thy face. But they are Thy people and Th 1 CONC y inheritance, which thou hast delivered with thy great pow 1 CONC er from the hands of the Egyptians: create in them a clea 1 CONC n heart and a holy spirit, and let them not be ensnared in 1 CONT 22 their sins from henceforth until eternity.' And the Lor 1 CONC d said unto Moses: 'I know their contrariness and their tho 1 CONC ughts and their stiffneckedness, and they will not be obedi 1 CONC ent till they confess 1 CONT 23 their own sin and the sin of their fathers. And after th 1 CONC is they will turn to Me in all uprightness and with all (th 1 CONC eir) heart and with all (their) soul, and I will circumcis 1 CONC e the foreskin of their heart and the foreskin of the hear 1 CONC t of their seed, and I will create in them a holy spirit, a 1 CONC nd I will cleanse them so that they shall not turn away fro 1 CONC m Me from that day unto eternity. 1 CONT 24 And their souls will cleave to Me and to all My commandm 1 CONC ents, and they will fulfil My 1 CONT 25 commandments, and I will be their Father and they shal 1 CONC l be My children. And they all shall be called children o 1 CONC f the living God, and every angel and every spirit shall kn 1 CONC ow, yea, they shall know that these are My children, and th 1 CONC at I am their Father in uprightness and righteousness, an 1 CONC d that 1 CONT 26 I love them. And do thou write down for thyself all thes 1 CONC e words which I declare unto thee on this mountain, the fir 1 CONC st and the last, which shall come to pass in all the divisi 1 CONC ons of the days in the law and in the testimony and in th 1 CONC e weeks and the jubilees unto eternity, until I descend an 1 CONC d dwell 1 CONT 27 with them throughout eternity.' And He said to the ange 1 CONC l of the presence: Write for Moses from 1 CONT 28 the beginning of creation till My sanctuary has been bui 1 CONC lt among them for all eternity. And the Lord will appear t 1 CONC o the eyes of all, and all shall know that I am the God o 1 CONC f Israel and the Father of all the children of Jacob, and K 1 CONC ing on Mount Zion for all eternity. And Zion and Jerusale 1 CONC m shall 1 CONT 29 be holy.' And the angel of the presence who went befor 1 CONC e the camp of Israel took the tables of the divisions of th 1 CONC e years -from the time of the creation- of the law and of t 1 CONC he testimony of the weeks of the jubilees, according to th 1 CONC e individual years, according to all the number of the jubi 1 CONC lees [according, to the individual years], from the day o 1 CONC f the [new] creation when the heavens and the earth shall b 1 CONC e renewed and all their creation according to the powers o 1 CONC f the heaven, and according to all the creation of the eart 1 CONC h, until the sanctuary of the Lord shall be made in Jerusal 1 CONC em on Mount Zion, and all the luminaries be renewed for hea 1 CONC ling and for peace and for blessing for all the elect of Is 1 CONC rael, and that thus it may be from that day and unto all th 1 CONC e days of the earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 2] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And the angel of the presence spake to Moses according t 1 CONC o the word of the Lord, saying: Write the complete histor 1 CONC y of the creation, how in six days the Lord God finished al 1 CONC l His works and all that He created, and kept Sabbath on th 1 CONC e seventh day and hallowed it for all ages, and 1 CONT 2 appointed it as a sign for all His works. For on the firs 1 CONC t day He created the heavens which are above and the eart 1 CONC h and the waters and all the spirits which serve before hi 1 CONC m -the angels of the presence, and the angels of sanctifica 1 CONC tion, and the angels [of the spirit of fire and the angels 1 CONC ] of the spirit of the winds, and the angels of the spiri 1 CONC t of the clouds, and of darkness, and of snow and of hail a 1 CONC nd of hoar frost, and the angels of the voices and of the t 1 CONC hunder and of the lightning, and the angels of the spirit 1 CONC s of cold and of heat, and of winter and of spring and of a 1 CONC utumn and of summer and of all the spirits of his creature 1 CONC s which are in the heavens and on the earth, (He created) t 1 CONC he abysses and the darkness, eventide (and night), and th 1 CONC e light, dawn and day, which He hath 1 CONT 3 prepared in the knowledge of his heart. And thereupon w 1 CONC e saw His works, and praised Him, and lauded before Him o 1 CONC n account of all His works; for seven great works did He cr 1 CONC eate on the first day. 1 CONT 4 And on the second day He created the firmament in the mid 1 CONC st of the waters, and the waters were divided on that day - 1 CONC half of them went up above and half of them went down belo 1 CONC w the firmament (that was) in the midst over the face of th 1 CONC e whole earth. And this was the only work (God) created 1 CONT 5 on the second day. And on the third day He commanded th 1 CONC e waters to pass from off the face of 1 CONT 6 the whole earth into one place, and the dry land to appea 1 CONC r. And the waters did so as He commanded them, and they ret 1 CONC ired from off the face of the earth into one place outsid 1 CONC e of this firmament, 1 CONT 7 and the dry land appeared. And on that day He created fo 1 CONC r them all the seas according to their separate gathering-p 1 CONC laces, and all the rivers, and the gatherings of the water 1 CONC s in the mountains and on all the earth, and all the lakes 1 CONC , and all the dew of the earth, and the seed which is sown 1 CONC , and all sprouting things, and fruit-bearing trees, and tr 1 CONC ees of the wood, and the garden of Eden, in Eden 1 CONT 8 and all . These four great works God created on the thir 1 CONC d day. And on the fourth day He created the sun and the moo 1 CONC n and the stars, and set them in the firmament of the heave 1 CONC n, to give light upon all the earth, and to rule over the d 1 CONC ay and the night, and divide the 1 CONT 9 light from the darkness. And God appointed the sun to b 1 CONC e a great sign on the earth for days and 1 CONT 10 for sabbaths and for months and for feasts and for year 1 CONC s and for sabbaths of years and for jubilees and for all se 1 CONC asons of the years. And it divideth the light from the dark 1 CONC ness [and] for prosperity, that all things may prosper whic 1 CONC h shoot and grow on the earth. These three kinds He made o 1 CONC n the fourth day. And on the fifth day He created great se 1 CONC a monsters in the depths of the waters, for these were th 1 CONC e first things of flesh that were created by his hands, th 1 CONC e fish and everything that moves in the 1 CONT 12 waters, and everything that flies, the birds and all the 1 CONC ir kind. And the sun rose above them to prosper (them), an 1 CONC d above everything that was on the earth, everything that s 1 CONC hoots out of the earth, and all 1 CONT 13 fruit-bearing trees, and all flesh. These three kinds H 1 CONC e created on the fifth day. And on the sixth day 1 CONT 14 He created all the animals of the earth, and all cattle 1 CONC , and everything that moves on the earth. And after all thi 1 CONC s He created man, a man and a woman created He them, and ga 1 CONC ve him dominion over all that is upon the earth, and in th 1 CONC e seas, and over everything that flies, and over beasts an 1 CONC d over cattle, and over everything that moves on the earth 1 CONC , and over the whole earth, and over all this He gave 1 CONT 15 him dominion. And these four kinds He created on the six 1 CONC th day. And there were altogether 1 CONT 16 two and twenty kinds. And He finished all his work on th 1 CONC e sixth day -all that is in the heavens and on the earth, a 1 CONC nd in the seas and in the abysses, and in the light and i 1 CONC n the darkness, and in 1 CONT 17 everything. And He gave us a great sign, the Sabbath day 1 CONC , that we should work six days, but 1 CONT 18 keep Sabbath on the seventh day from all work. And all t 1 CONC he angels of the presence, and all the angels of sanctifica 1 CONC tion, these two great classes -He hath bidden us to keep th 1 CONC e Sabbath with Him 1 CONT 19 in heaven and on earth. And He said unto us: 'Behold 1 CONC , I will separate unto Myself a people from among all the p 1 CONC eoples, and these shall keep the Sabbath day, and I will sa 1 CONC nctify them unto Myself as My people, and will bless them 1 CONC ; as I have sanctified the Sabbath day and do sanctify (it 1 CONC ) unto 1 CONT 20 Myself, even so will I bless them, and they shall be M 1 CONC y people and I will be their God. And I have chosen the see 1 CONC d of Jacob from amongst all that I have seen, and have writ 1 CONC ten him down as My first-born son,and have sanctified him u 1 CONC nto Myself for ever and ever; and I will teach them the 1 CONT 21 Sabbath day, that they may keep Sabbath thereon from al 1 CONC l work.' And thus He created therein a sign in accordance w 1 CONC ith which they should keep Sabbath with us on the seventh d 1 CONC ay, to eat and to drink, and to bless Him who has created a 1 CONC ll things as He has blessed and sanctified unto Himself 1 CONT 22 a peculiar people above all peoples, and that they shoul 1 CONC d keep Sabbath together with us. And He caused His command 1 CONC s to ascend as a sweet savour acceptable before Him all th 1 CONC e days . . . 1 CONT 23 There (were) two and twenty heads of mankind from Adam t 1 CONC o Jacob, and two and twenty kinds of work were made until t 1 CONC he seventh day; this is blessed and holy; and the former al 1 CONC so is blessed and 1 CONT 24 holy; and this one serves with that one for sanctificati 1 CONC on and blessing. And to this (Jacob and his seed) it was gr 1 CONC anted that they should always be the blessed and holy one 1 CONC s of the first testimony 1 CONT 25 and law, even as He had sanctified and blessed the Sabba 1 CONC th day on the seventh day. He created heaven and earth an 1 CONC d everything that He created in six days, and God made th 1 CONC e seventh day holy, for all His works; therefore He command 1 CONC ed on its behalf that, whoever does any work thereon 1 CONT 26 shall die, and that he who defiles it shall surely die 1 CONC . Wherefore do thou command the children of Israel to obser 1 CONC ve this day that they may keep it holy and not do thereon a 1 CONC ny work, and not to 1 CONT 27 defile it, as it is holier than all other days. And whoe 1 CONC ver profanes it shall surely die, and whoever does thereo 1 CONC n any work shall surely die eternally, that the children o 1 CONC f Israel may observe this day throughout their generations 1 CONC , and not be rooted out of the land; for it is a holy day a 1 CONC nd a blessed 1 CONT 28 day. And every one who observes it and keeps Sabbath the 1 CONC reon from all his work, will be holy and 1 CONT 29 blessed throughout all days like unto us. Declare and sa 1 CONC y to the children of Israel the law of this day both that t 1 CONC hey should keep Sabbath thereon, and that they should not f 1 CONC orsake it in the error of their hearts; (and) that it is no 1 CONC t lawful to do any work thereon which is unseemly, to do th 1 CONC ereon their own pleasure, and that they should not prepar 1 CONC e thereon anything to be eaten or drunk, and (that it is no 1 CONC t lawful) to draw water, or bring in or take out thereon th 1 CONC rough their gates any burden, 1 CONT 30 which they had not prepared for themselves on the sixt 1 CONC h day in their dwellings. And they shall not bring in nor t 1 CONC ake out from house to house on that day; for that day is mo 1 CONC re holy and blessed than any jubilee day of the jubilees; o 1 CONC n this we kept Sabbath in the heavens before it was made 1 CONT 31 known to any flesh to keep Sabbath thereon on the earth 1 CONC . And the Creator of all things blessed it, but he did no 1 CONC t sanctify all peoples and nations to keep Sabbath thereon 1 CONC , but Israel alone: them 1 CONT 32 alone he permitted to eat and drink and to keep Sabbat 1 CONC h thereon on the earth. And the Creator of all things bless 1 CONC ed this day which He had created for blessing and holines 1 CONC s and glory above all 1 CONT 33 days. This law and testimony was given to the children o 1 CONC f Israel as a law for ever unto their generations. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 3] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And on the six days of the second week we brought, accord 1 CONC ing to the word of God, unto Adam all the beasts, and all t 1 CONC he cattle, and all the birds, and everything that moves o 1 CONC n the earth, and everything that moves in the water, accord 1 CONC ing to their kinds, and according to their types: the beast 1 CONC s on the first day; the cattle on the second day; the bird 1 CONC s on the third day; and all that which moves on the earth o 1 CONC n the fourth day; and that which moves in the water on th 1 CONC e fifth day. 1 CONT 2 And Adam named them all by their respective names, and a 1 CONC s he called them, so was their name. 1 CONT 3 And on these five days Adam saw all these, male and femal 1 CONC e, according to every kind that was on 1 CONT 4 the earth, but he was alone and found no helpmeet for him 1 CONC . And the Lord said unto us: 'It is not 1 CONT 5 good that the man should be alone: let us make a helpmee 1 CONC t for him.' And the Lord our God caused a deep sleep to fal 1 CONC l upon him, and he slept, and He took for the woman one ri 1 CONC b from amongst 1 CONT 6 his ribs, and this rib was the origin of the woman from a 1 CONC mongst his ribs, and He built up the flesh in its stead, an 1 CONC d built the woman. And He awaked Adam out of his sleep an 1 CONC d on awaking he rose on the sixth day, and He brought her t 1 CONC o him, and he knew her, and said unto her: 'This is now bon 1 CONC e of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called 1 CONT 7 [my] wife; because she was taken from her husband.' There 1 CONC fore shall man and wife be one and therefore shall a man le 1 CONC ave his father and his mother, and cleave unto his wife, an 1 CONC d they shall be 1 CONT 8 one flesh. In the first week was Adam created, and the ri 1 CONC b -his wife: in the second week He showed her unto him: an 1 CONC d for this reason the commandment was given to keep in thei 1 CONC r defilement, 1 CONT 9 for a male seven days, and for a female twice seven days 1 CONC . And after Adam had completed forty days in the land wher 1 CONC e he had been created, we brought him into the garden of Ed 1 CONC en to till and keep it, but his wife they brought in on th 1 CONC e eightieth day, and after this she entered into the garden 1 CONT 10 of Eden. And for this reason the commandment is writte 1 CONC n on the heavenly tablets in regard to her that gives birth 1 CONC : 'if she bears a male, she shall remain in her uncleannes 1 CONC s seven days according to the first week of days, and thirt 1 CONC y and three days shall she remain in the blood of her purif 1 CONC ying, and she shall not touch any hallowed thing, nor ente 1 CONC r into the sanctuary, until she accomplishes these 1 CONT 11 days which (are enjoined) in the case of a male child. B 1 CONC ut in the case of a female child she shall remain in her un 1 CONC cleanness two weeks of days, according to the first two wee 1 CONC ks, and sixty-six days 1 CONT 12 in the blood of her purification, and they will be in al 1 CONC l eighty days.' And when she had completed these eighty day 1 CONC s we brought her into the garden of Eden, for it is holie 1 CONC r than all the earth besides and 1 CONT 13 every tree that is planted in it is holy. Therefore, the 1 CONC re was ordained regarding her who bears a male or a femal 1 CONC e child the statute of those days that she should touch n 1 CONC o hallowed thing, nor 1 CONT 14 enter into the sanctuary until these days for the male o 1 CONC r female child are accomplished. This is the law and testim 1 CONC ony which was written down for Israel, in order that they s 1 CONC hould observe (it) all the 1 CONT 15 days. And in the first week of the first jubilee, [1-7 A 1 CONC .M.] Adam and his wife were in the garden of Eden for seve 1 CONC n years tilling and keeping it, and we gave him work and w 1 CONC e instructed him to do everything 1 CONT 16 that is suitable for tillage. And he tilled (the garden) 1 CONC , and was naked and knew it not, and was not ashamed, and h 1 CONC e protected the garden from the birds and beasts and cattle 1 CONC , and gathered its fruit, and eat, and put aside the residu 1 CONC e for himself and for his wife [and put aside that which was 1 CONT 17 being kept]. And after the completion of the seven years 1 CONC , which he had completed there, seven years exactly, [8 A.M 1 CONC .] and in the second month, on the seventeenth day (of th 1 CONC e month), the serpent came and approached the woman, and th 1 CONC e serpent said to the woman, 'Hath God commanded you, 1 CONT 18 saying, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?' A 1 CONC nd she said to it, 'Of all the fruit of the trees of the ga 1 CONC rden God hath said unto us, Eat; but of the fruit of the tr 1 CONC ee which is in the midst of the garden God hath said unto u 1 CONC s, Ye shall not eat thereof, neither shall ye touch it, les 1 CONC t ye die.' And the serpent said unto the woman, 'Ye shall n 1 CONC ot surely die: for God doth know that on the day ye shall e 1 CONC at thereof, your eyes will be opened, and ye will be as god 1 CONC s, and ye will know good and 1 CONT 20 evil. And the woman saw the tree that it was agreeable a 1 CONC nd pleasant to the eye, and that its fruit 1 CONT 21 was good for food, and she took thereof and eat. And whe 1 CONC n she had first covered her shame with figleaves, she gav 1 CONC e thereof to Adam and he eat, and his eyes were opened, an 1 CONC d he saw that he was 1 CONT 22 naked. And he took figleaves and sewed (them) together 1 CONC , and made an apron for himself, and 1 CONT 23, 24 covered his shame. And God cursed the serpent, and w 1 CONC as wroth with it for ever . . . And He was wroth with the w 1 CONC oman, because she harkened to the voice of the serpent, an 1 CONC d did eat; and He said unto her: 'I will greatly multiply t 1 CONC hy sorrow and thy pains: in sorrow thou shalt bring forth 1 CONT 25 children, and thy return shall be unto thy husband, an 1 CONC d he will rule over thee.' And to Adam also he said, ' Beca 1 CONC use thou hast harkened unto the voice of thy wife, and has 1 CONC t eaten of the tree of which I commanded thee that thou sho 1 CONC uldst not eat thereof, cursed be the ground for thy sake: t 1 CONC horns and thistles shall it bring forth to thee, and thou s 1 CONC halt eat thy bread in the sweat of thy face, till thou retu 1 CONC rnest to the earth from whence thou wast taken; for earth t 1 CONC hou art, and unto earth shalt 1 CONT 26 thou return.' And He made for them coats of skin, and cl 1 CONC othed them, and sent them forth from 1 CONT 27 the Garden of Eden. And on that day on which Adam went f 1 CONC orth from the Garden, he offered as a sweet savour an offer 1 CONC ing, frankincense, galbanum, and stacte, and spices in th 1 CONC e morning with the 1 CONT 28 rising of the sun from the day when he covered his shame 1 CONC . And on that day was closed the mouth of all beasts, and o 1 CONC f cattle, and of birds, and of whatever walks, and of whate 1 CONC ver moves, so that they could no longer speak: for they ha 1 CONC d all spoken one with another with one lip and with one ton 1 CONC gue. 1 CONT 29 And He sent out of the Garden of Eden all flesh that wa 1 CONC s in the Garden of Eden, and all flesh was scattered accord 1 CONC ing to its kinds, and according to its types unto the place 1 CONC s which had been created 1 CONT 30 for them. And to Adam alone did He give (the wherewithal 1 CONC ) to cover his shame, of all the beasts and 1 CONT 31 cattle. On this account, it is prescribed on the heavenl 1 CONC y tablets as touching all those who know the judgment of th 1 CONC e law, that they should cover their shame, and should not u 1 CONC ncover themselves as the 1 CONT 32 Gentiles uncover themselves. And on the new moon of th 1 CONC e fourth month, Adam and his wife went 1 CONT 33 forth from the Garden of Eden, and they dwelt in the lan 1 CONC d of Elda in the land of their creation. And 1 CONT 34 Adam called the name of his wife Eve. And they had no so 1 CONC n till the first jubilee, [8 A.M.] and after this he 1 CONT 35 knew her. Now he tilled the land as he had been instruct 1 CONC ed in the Garden of Eden. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 4] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the third week in the second jubilee she gave birt 1 CONC h to Cain, and in the fourth she gave birth to Abel, and i 1 CONC n the fifth she gave birth to her daughter Awan. And in th 1 CONC e first (year) of the third jubilee, Cain slew Abel becaus 1 CONC e (God) accepted the sacrifice of Abel, and did not accept 1 CONT 3 the offering of Cain. And he slew him in the field: and h 1 CONC is blood cried from the ground to heaven, 1 CONT 4 complaining because he had slain him. And the Lord reprov 1 CONC ed Cain because of Abel, because he had slain him, and he m 1 CONC ade him a fugitive on the earth because of the blood of hi 1 CONC s brother, and he 1 CONT 5 cursed him upon the earth. And on this account it is writ 1 CONC ten on the heavenly tables, 'Cursed is ,he who smites his n 1 CONC eighbour treacherously, and let all who have seen and hear 1 CONC d say, So be it; and 1 CONT 6 the man who has seen and not declared (it), let him be ac 1 CONC cursed as the other.' And for this reason we announce whe 1 CONC n we come before the Lord our God all the sin which is comm 1 CONC itted in heaven and 1 CONT 7 on earth, and in light and in darkness, and everywhere. A 1 CONC nd Adam and his wife mourned for Abel four weeks of years 1 CONC , [99-127 A.M] and in the fourth year of the fifth week [13 1 CONC 0 A.M.] they became joyful, and Adam knew his wife again, a 1 CONC nd she bare him a son, and he called his name Seth; for h 1 CONC e said 'GOD has 1 CONT 8 raised up a second seed unto us on the earth instead of A 1 CONC bel; for Cain slew him.' And in the sixth 1 CONT 9 week [134-40 A.M.] he begat his daughter Azura. And Cai 1 CONC n took Awan his sister to be his wife and she bare him Enoc 1 CONC h at the close of the fourth jubilee. [190-196 A.M.] And i 1 CONC n the first year of the first week of the fifth jubilee, [1 1 CONC 97 A.M.] houses were built on the earth, and Cain built a c 1 CONC ity, and called its name after the name of 1 CONT 10, 11 his son Enoch. And Adam knew Eve his wife and she ba 1 CONC re yet nine sons. And in the fifth week of the fifth jubile 1 CONC e [225-31 A.M.] Seth took Azura his sister to be his wife 1 CONC , and in the fourth (year of the sixth 1 CONT 12,13 week) [235 A.M.] she bare him Enos. He began to cal 1 CONC l on the name of the Lord on the earth. And in the sevent 1 CONC h jubilee in the third week [309-15 A.M.] Enos took Noam hi 1 CONC s sister to be his wife, and she bare him a son 1 CONT 14 in the third year of the fifth week, and he called his n 1 CONC ame Kenan. And at the close of the eighth jubilee [325, 386 1 CONC -3992 A.M.] Kenan took Mualeleth his sister to be his wife 1 CONC , and she bare him a son in the ninth jubilee, 1 CONT 15 in the first week in the third year of this week, [395 A 1 CONC .M] and he called his name Mahalalel. And in the second wee 1 CONC k of the tenth jubilee [449-55 A.M.] Mahalalel took unto hi 1 CONC m to wife DinaH, the daughter of Barakiel the daughter of h 1 CONC is father's brother, and she bare him a son in the third we 1 CONC ek in the sixth year, [461 A.M.] and he called his name Jar 1 CONC ed, for in his days the angels of the Lord descended on th 1 CONC e earth, those who are named the Watchers, that they shoul 1 CONC d instruct the children of men, and that they should do 1 CONT 16 judgment and uprightness on the earth. And in the eleven 1 CONC th jubilee [512-18 A.M.] Jared took to himself a wife, an 1 CONC d her name was Baraka, the daughter of Rasujal, a daughte 1 CONC r of his father's brother, in the fourth week of this jubil 1 CONC ee, [522 A.M.] and she bare him a son in the fifth week, i 1 CONC n the fourth year of the jubilee, and 1 CONT 17 he called his name Enoch. And he was the first among me 1 CONC n that are born on earth who learnt writing and knowledge a 1 CONC nd wisdom and who wrote down the signs of heaven accordin 1 CONC g to the order of their months in a book, that men might kn 1 CONC ow the seasons of the years according to the order of 1 CONT 18 their separate months. And he was the first to write a t 1 CONC estimony and he testified to the sons of men among the gene 1 CONC rations of the earth, and recounted the weeks of the jubile 1 CONC es, and made known to them the days of the years, and set i 1 CONC n order the months and recounted the Sabbaths of the years 1 CONT 19 as we made (them), known to him. And what was and what w 1 CONC ill be he saw in a vision of his sleep, as it will happen t 1 CONC o the children of men throughout their generations until th 1 CONC e day of judgment; he saw and understood everything, and wr 1 CONC ote his testimony, and placed the testimony on earth for all 1 CONT 20 the children of men and for their generations. And in th 1 CONC e twelfth jubilee, [582-88] in the seventh week thereof, h 1 CONC e took to himself a wife, and her name was Edna, the daught 1 CONC er of Danel, the daughter of his father's brother, and in t 1 CONC he sixth year in this week [587 A.M.] she bare him a son an 1 CONC d he called his name 1 CONT 21 Methuselah. And he was moreover with the angels of God t 1 CONC hese six jubilees of years, and they showed him everythin 1 CONC g which is on earth and in the heavens, the rule of the sun 1 CONC , and he wrote down 1 CONT 22 everything. And he testified to the Watchers, who had si 1 CONC nned with the daughters of men; for these had begun to unit 1 CONC e themselves, so as to be defiled, with the daughters of me 1 CONC n, and Enoch 1 CONT 23 testified against (them) all. And he was taken from amon 1 CONC gst the children of men, and we conducted him into the Gard 1 CONC en of Eden in majesty and honour, and behold there he write 1 CONC s down the con- 1 CONT 24 demnation and judgment of the world, and all the wickedn 1 CONC ess of the children of men. And on account of it (God) brou 1 CONC ght the waters of the flood upon all the land of Eden; fo 1 CONC r there he was set as a sign and that he should testify aga 1 CONC inst all the children of men, that he should recount all the 1 CONT 25 deeds of the generations until the day of condemnation 1 CONC . And he burnt the incense of the sanctuary, 1 CONT 26 (even) sweet spices acceptable before the Lord on the Mo 1 CONC unt. For the Lord has four places on the earth, the Garde 1 CONC n of Eden, and the Mount of the East, and this mountain o 1 CONC n which thou art this day, Mount Sinai, and Mount Zion (whi 1 CONC ch) will be sanctified in the new creation for a sanctifica 1 CONC tion of the earth; through it will the earth be sanctifie 1 CONC d from all (its) guilt and its uncleanness through- 1 CONT 27 out the generations of the world. And in the fourteent 1 CONC h jubilee [652 A.M.] Methuselah took unto himself a wife, E 1 CONC dna the daughter of Azrial, the daughter of his father's br 1 CONC other, in the third week, in the 1 CONT 28 first year of this week, [701-7 A.M.] and he begat a so 1 CONC n and called his name Lamech. And in the fifteenth jubile 1 CONC e in the third week Lamech took to himself a wife, and he 1 CONC r name was Betenos the daughter of Baraki'il, the daughte 1 CONC r of his father's brother, and in this week she bare hi 1 CONC m a son and he called his name Noah, saying, 'This one wil 1 CONC l comfort me for my trouble and all my work, and for the gr 1 CONC ound 1 CONT 29 which the Lord hath cursed.' And at the close of the nin 1 CONC eteenth jubilee, in the seventh week in the sixth year [93 1 CONC 0 A.M.] thereof, Adam died, and all his sons buried him i 1 CONC n the land of his creation, and he 1 CONT 30 was the first to be buried in the earth. And he lacked s 1 CONC eventy years of one thousand years; for one thousand year 1 CONC s are as one day in the testimony of the heavens and theref 1 CONC ore was it written concerning the tree of knowledge: 'On th 1 CONC e day that ye eat thereof ye shall die.' For this reason he 1 CONT 31 did not complete the years of this day; for he died duri 1 CONC ng it. At the close of this jubilee Cain was killed after h 1 CONC im in the same year; for his house fell upon him and he die 1 CONC d in the midst of his house, and he was killed by its stone 1 CONC s; for with a stone he had killed Abel, and by a stone wa 1 CONC s he killed in 1 CONT 32 righteous judgment. For this reason it was ordained on t 1 CONC he heavenly tablets: With the instrument with which a man k 1 CONC ills his neighbour with the same shall he be killed; afte 1 CONC r the manner that 1 CONT 33 he wounded him, in like manner shall they deal with him. 1 CONC ' And in the twenty-fifth [1205 A.M.] jubilee Noah took t 1 CONC o himself a wife, and her name was Emzara, the daughter o 1 CONC f Rake'el, the daughter of his father's brother, in the fir 1 CONC st year in the fifth week [1207 A.M.]: and in the third yea 1 CONC r thereof she bare him Shem, in the fifth year thereof [120 1 CONC 9 A.M.] she bare him Ham, and in the first year in the sixt 1 CONC h week [1212 A.M.] she bare him Japheth. 1 CONT [Chapter 5] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And it came to pass when the children of men began to mul 1 CONC tiply on the face of the earth and daughters were born unt 1 CONC o them, that the angels of God saw them on a certain year o 1 CONC f this jubilee, that they were beautiful to look upon; an 1 CONC d they took themselves wives of all whom they 1 CONT 2 chose, and they bare unto them sons and they were giants 1 CONC . And lawlessness increased on the earth and all flesh corr 1 CONC upted its way, alike men and cattle and beasts and birds an 1 CONC d everything that walks on the earth -all of them corrupte 1 CONC d their ways and their orders, and they began to devour eac 1 CONC h other, and lawlessness increased on the earth and every i 1 CONC magination of the thoughts of all men 1 CONT 3 (was) thus evil continually. And God looked upon the eart 1 CONC h, and behold it was corrupt, and all flesh had corrupted i 1 CONC ts orders, and all that were upon the earth had wrought al 1 CONC l manner of evil 1 CONT 4 before His eyes. And He said that He would destroy man an 1 CONC d all flesh upon the face of the earth 1 CONT 5,6 which He had created. But Noah found grace before the e 1 CONC yes of the Lord. And against the angels whom He had sent up 1 CONC on the earth, He was exceedingly wroth, and He gave command 1 CONC ment to root them out of all their dominion, and He bade u 1 CONC s to bind them in the depths of the earth, and 1 CONT 7 behold they are bound in the midst of them, and are (kept 1 CONC ) separate. And against their sons went forth a command fro 1 CONC m before His face that they should be smitten with the swor 1 CONC d, and be removed 1 CONT 8 from under heaven. And He said 'My spirit shall not alway 1 CONC s abide on man; for they also are flesh 1 CONT 9 and their days shall be one hundred and twenty years'. An 1 CONC d He sent His sword into their midst that each should sla 1 CONC y his neighbour, and they began to slay each other till the 1 CONC y all fell by the sword 1 CONT 10 and were destroyed from the earth. And their fathers wer 1 CONC e witnesses (of their destruction), and after this they wer 1 CONC e bound in the depths of the earth for ever, until the da 1 CONC y of the great condemnation, when judgment is executed on a 1 CONC ll those who have corrupted their ways and their works befo 1 CONC re 1 CONT 11 the Lord. And He destroyed all from their places, and th 1 CONC ere was not left one of them whom 1 CONT 12 He judged not according to all their wickedness. And h 1 CONC e made for all his works a new and righteous nature, so tha 1 CONC t they should not sin in their whole nature for ever, but s 1 CONC hould be all 1 CONT 13 righteous each in his kind alway. And the judgment of al 1 CONC l is ordained and written on the heavenly tablets in righte 1 CONC ousness -even (the judgment of) all who depart from the pat 1 CONC h which is ordained for them to walk in; and if they walk n 1 CONC ot therein, judgment is written down for every creature and 1 CONT 14 for every kind. And there is nothing in heaven or on ear 1 CONC th, or in light or in darkness, or in Sheol or in the depth 1 CONC , or in the place of darkness (which is not judged); and al 1 CONC l their judgments are 1 CONT 15 ordained and written and engraved. In regard to all He w 1 CONC ill judge,the great according to his 1 CONT 16 greatness, and the small according to his smallness, an 1 CONC d each according to his way. And He is not one who will reg 1 CONC ard the person (of any), nor is He one who will receive gif 1 CONC ts, if He says that He will execute judgment on each: if on 1 CONC e gave everything that is on the earth, He will not regar 1 CONC d the 1 CONT 17 gifts or the person (of any), nor accept anything at hi 1 CONC s hands, for He is a righteous judge. [And of the childre 1 CONC n of Israel it has been written and ordained: If they tur 1 CONC n to him in righteousness He will forgive all their transgr 1 CONC essions and pardon all their sins. It is written and ordain 1 CONC ed that 1 CONT 19 He will show mercy to all who turn from all their guil 1 CONC t once each year.] And as for all those who corrupted thei 1 CONC r ways and their thoughts before the flood, no man's perso 1 CONC n was accepted save that of Noah alone; for his person wa 1 CONC s accepted in behalf of his sons, whom (God) saved from th 1 CONC e waters of the flood on his account; for his heart was rig 1 CONC hteous in all his ways, according as it was com- 1 CONT 20 manded regarding him, and he had not departed from augh 1 CONC t that was ordained for him. And the Lord said that he woul 1 CONC d destroy everything which was upon the earth, both men an 1 CONC d cattle, and 1 CONT 21 beasts, and fowls of the air, and that which moveth on t 1 CONC he earth. And He commanded Noah to 1 CONT 22 make him an ark, that he might save himself from the wat 1 CONC ers of the flood. And Noah made the ark in all respects a 1 CONC s He commanded him, in the twenty-seventh jubilee of years 1 CONC , in the fifth week 1 CONT 23 in the fifth year (on the new moon of the first month) 1 CONC . [1307 A.M.] And he entered in the sixth (year) thereof, [ 1 CONC 1308 A.M.] in the second month, on the new moon of the seco 1 CONC nd month, till the sixteenth; and he entered, and all tha 1 CONC t we brought to him, into the ark, and the Lord closed it f 1 CONC rom without on the seventeenth evening. 1 CONT 24 And the Lord opened seven flood-gates of heaven, 1 CONT And the mouths of the fountains of the great deep, seven mo 1 CONC uths in number. 1 CONT 25 And the flood-gates began to pour down water from the he 1 CONC aven forty days and forty nights, 1 CONT And the fountains of the deep also sent up waters, until th 1 CONC e whole world was full of water. 1 CONT 26 And the waters increased upon the earth: Fifteen cubit 1 CONC s did the waters rise above all the high mountains, And th 1 CONC e ark was lift up above the earth, 1 CONT And it moved upon the face of the waters. 1 CONT 27 And the water prevailed on the face of the earth five mo 1 CONC nths -one hundred and fifty days. 1 CONT 28, 29 And the ark went and rested on the top of Lubar, on 1 CONC e of the mountains of Ararat. And (on the new moon) in th 1 CONC e fourth month the fountains of the great deep were close 1 CONC d and the flood-gates of heaven were restrained; and on th 1 CONC e new moon of the seventh month all the mouths of the abyss 1 CONC es 1 CONT 30 of the earth were opened, and the water began to descen 1 CONC d into the deep below. And on the new moon of the tenth mon 1 CONC th the tops of the mountains were seen, and on the new moo 1 CONC n of the first 31 month the earth became visible. And the w 1 CONC aters disappeared from above the earth in the fifth week i 1 CONC n the seventh year [1309 A.M.] thereof, and on the seventee 1 CONC nth day in the second month the earth was dry. 1 CONT 32 And on the twenty-seventh thereof he opened the ark, an 1 CONC d sent forth from it beasts, and cattle, and birds, and eve 1 CONC ry moving thing. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 6] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And on the new moon of the third month he went forth fro 1 CONC m the ark, and built an altar on 1 CONT 2 that mountain. And he made atonement for the earth, and t 1 CONC ook a kid and made atonement by its blood for all the guil 1 CONC t of the earth; for everything that had been on it had bee 1 CONC n destroyed, save 1 CONT 3 those that were in the ark with Noah. And he placed the f 1 CONC at thereof on the altar, and he took an ox, and a goat, an 1 CONC d a sheep and kids, and salt, and a turtle-dove, and the yo 1 CONC ung of a dove, and placed a burnt sacrifice on the altar, a 1 CONC nd poured thereon an offering mingled with oil, and sprinkl 1 CONC ed wine and strewed frankincense over everything, and cause 1 CONC d a goodly savour to arise, acceptable before 1 CONT 4 the Lord. And the Lord smelt the goodly savour, and He ma 1 CONC de a covenant with him that there should not be any mor 1 CONC e a flood to destroy the earth; that all the days of the ea 1 CONC rth seed-time and harvest should never cease; cold and heat 1 CONC , and summer and winter, and day and night should not 1 CONT 5 change their order, nor cease for ever. 'And you, increas 1 CONC e ye and multiply upon the earth, and become many upon it 1 CONC , and be a blessing upon it. The fear of you and the drea 1 CONC d of you I will 1 CONT 6 inspire in everything that is on earth and in the sea. An 1 CONC d behold I have given unto you all beasts, and all winged t 1 CONC hings, and everything that moves on the earth, and the fis 1 CONC h in the waters, and all 1 CONT 7 things for food; as the green herbs, I have given you al 1 CONC l things to eat. But flesh, with the life thereof, with th 1 CONC e blood, ye shall not eat; for the life of all flesh is i 1 CONC n the blood, lest your blood of your lives be required. A 1 CONC t the hand of every man, at the hand of every (beast) wil 1 CONC l I require the 1 CONT 8 blood of man. Whoso sheddeth man's blood by man shall hi 1 CONC s blood be shed, for in the image of 1 CONT 9,10 God made He man. And you, increase ye, and multiply o 1 CONC n the earth.' And Noah and his sons swore that they would n 1 CONC ot eat any blood that was in any flesh, and he made a coven 1 CONC ant before the 1 CONT 11 Lord God for ever throughout all the generations of th 1 CONC e earth in this month. On this account He spake to thee tha 1 CONC t thou shouldst make a covenant with the children of Israe 1 CONC l in this month upon the mountain with an oath, and that th 1 CONC ou shouldst sprinkle blood upon them because of all the wor 1 CONC ds 1 CONT 12 of the covenant, which the Lord made with them for ever 1 CONC . And this testimony is written concerning you that you sho 1 CONC uld observe it continually, so that you should not eat on a 1 CONC ny day any blood of beasts or birds or cattle during all th 1 CONC e days of the earth, and the man who eats the blood of beas 1 CONC t or of cattle or of birds during all the days of the earth 1 CONC , he and his seed shall be rooted out of the land. 1 CONT 13 And do thou command the children of Israel to eat no blo 1 CONC od, so that their names and their seed 1 CONT 14 may be before the Lord our God continually. And for thi 1 CONC s law there is no limit of days, for it is for ever. They s 1 CONC hall observe it throughout their generations, so that the 1 CONC y may continue supplicating on your behalf with blood befor 1 CONC e the altar; every day and at the time of morning and eveni 1 CONC ng they shall seek forgiveness on your behalf perpetually b 1 CONC efore the Lord that they may keep 1 CONT 15 it and not be rooted out. And He gave to Noah and his so 1 CONC ns a sign that there should not again 1 CONT 16 be a flood on the earth. He set His bow in the cloud fo 1 CONC r a sign of the eternal covenant that there 1 CONT 17 should not again be a flood on the earth to destroy it a 1 CONC ll the days of the earth. For this reason it is ordained an 1 CONC d written on the heavenly tablets, that they should celebra 1 CONC te the feast of weeks in this 1 CONT 18 month once a year, to renew the covenant every year. An 1 CONC d this whole festival was celebrated in heaven from the da 1 CONC y of creation till the days of Noah -twenty-six jubilees an 1 CONC d five weeks of years [1309-1659 A.M.]: and Noah and his so 1 CONC ns observed it for seven jubilees and one week of years, ti 1 CONC ll the day of Noah's death, and from the day of Noah's deat 1 CONC h his sons did away with (it) until the days of Abraham, an 1 CONC d 1 CONT 19 they eat blood. But Abraham observed it, and Isaac and J 1 CONC acob and his children observed it up to thy days, and in th 1 CONC y days the children of Israel forgot it until ye celebrate 1 CONC d it anew on this mountain. 1 CONT 20 And do thou command the children of Israel to observe th 1 CONC is festival in all their generations for a 1 CONT 21 commandment unto them: one day in the year in this mont 1 CONC h they shall celebrate the festival. For it is the feast o 1 CONC f weeks and the feast of first fruits: this feast is twofol 1 CONC d and of a double nature: 1 CONT 22 according to what is written and engraven concerning it 1 CONC , celebrate it. For I have written in the book of the firs 1 CONC t law, in that which I have written for thee, that thou sho 1 CONC uldst celebrate it in its season, one day in the year, an 1 CONC d I explained to thee its sacrifices that the children of I 1 CONC srael should remember and should celebrate it throughout th 1 CONC eir generations in this month, one day in every year. 1 CONT 23 And on the new moon of the first month, and on the new m 1 CONC oon of the fourth month, and on the new moon of the sevent 1 CONC h month, and on the new moon of the tenth month are the day 1 CONC s of remembrance, and the days of the seasons in the four d 1 CONC ivisions of the year. These are written and ordained 1 CONT 24 as a testimony for ever. And Noah ordained them for hims 1 CONC elf as feasts for the generations for ever, 1 CONT 25 so that they have become thereby a memorial unto him. An 1 CONC d on the new moon of the first month he was bidden to mak 1 CONC e for himself an ark, and on that (day) the earth became dr 1 CONC y and he opened 1 CONT 26 (the ark) and saw the earth. And on the new moon of th 1 CONC e fourth month the mouths of the depths of the abyss beneat 1 CONC h were closed. And on the new moon of the seventh month al 1 CONC l the mouths of 1 CONT 27 the abysses of the earth were opened, and the waters beg 1 CONC an to descend into them. And on the new 1 CONT 28 moon of the tenth month the tops of the mountains were s 1 CONC een, and Noah was glad. And on this account he ordained the 1 CONC m for himself as feasts for a memorial for ever, and thus a 1 CONC re they ordained. 1 CONT 29 And they placed them on the heavenly tablets, each had t 1 CONC hirteen weeks; from one to another (passed) their memorial 1 CONC , from the first to the second, and from the second to th 1 CONC e third, and from the 1 CONT 30 third to the fourth. And all the days of the commandmen 1 CONC t will be two and fifty weeks of days, and (these will make 1 CONC ) the entire year complete. Thus it is engraven and ordaine 1 CONC d on the heavenly 1 CONT 31 tablets. And there is no neglecting (this commandment) f 1 CONC or a single year or from year to year. 1 CONT 32 And command thou the children of Israel that they observ 1 CONC e the years according to this reckoning- three hundred an 1 CONC d sixty-four days, and (these) will constitute a complete y 1 CONC ear, and they will not disturb its time from its days and f 1 CONC rom its feasts; for everything will fall out in them accord 1 CONC ing to 1 CONT 33 their testimony, and they will not leave out any day no 1 CONC r disturb any feasts. But if they do neglect and do not obs 1 CONC erve them according to His commandment, then they will dist 1 CONC urb all their seasons and the years will be dislodged fro 1 CONC m this (order), [and they will disturb the seasons and th 1 CONC e years 1 CONT 34 will be dislodged] and they will neglect their ordinance 1 CONC s. And all the children of Israel will forget and will no 1 CONC t find the path of the years, and will forget the new moons 1 CONC , and seasons, and sabbaths 1 CONT 35 and they will go wrong as to all the order of the years 1 CONC . For I know and from henceforth will I declare it unto the 1 CONC e, and it is not of my own devising; for the book (lies) wr 1 CONC itten before me, and on the heavenly tablets the division o 1 CONC f days is ordained, lest they forget the feasts of the cove 1 CONC nant 1 CONT 36 and walk according to the feasts of the Gentiles after t 1 CONC heir error and after their ignorance. For there will be tho 1 CONC se who will assuredly make observations of the moon -how (i 1 CONC t) disturbs the 1 CONT 37 seasons and comes in from year to year ten days too soon 1 CONC . For this reason the years will come upon them when they w 1 CONC ill disturb (the order), and make an abominable (day) the d 1 CONC ay of testimony, and an unclean day a feast day, and they w 1 CONC ill confound all the days, the holy with the unclean, and t 1 CONC he unclean day with the holy; for they will go wrong as t 1 CONC o the months and sabbaths and feasts and 1 CONT 38 jubilees. For this reason I command and testify to the 1 CONC e that thou mayst testify to them; for after thy death th 1 CONC y children will disturb (them), so that they will not mak 1 CONC e the year three hundred and sixty-four days only, and fo 1 CONC r this reason they will go wrong as to the new moons and se 1 CONC asons and sabbaths and festivals, and they will eat all kin 1 CONC ds of blood with all kinds of flesh. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 7] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the seventh week in the first year [1317 A.M.] the 1 CONC reof, in this jubilee, Noah planted vines on the mountain o 1 CONC n which the ark had rested, named Lubar, one of the Arara 1 CONC t Mountains, and they produced fruit in the fourth year, [1 1 CONC 320 A.M.] and he guarded their fruit, and gathered it in th 1 CONC is year in the 1 CONT 2 seventh month. And he made wine therefrom and put it int 1 CONC o a vessel, and kept it until the fifth 1 CONT 3 year, [1321 A.M.] until the first day, on the new moon o 1 CONC f the first month. And he celebrated with joy the day of th 1 CONC is feast, and he made a burnt sacrifice unto the Lord, on 1 CONC e young ox and one ram, and seven sheep, each a year old, a 1 CONC nd a kid of the goats, that he might make atonement thereb 1 CONC y for himself 1 CONT 4 and his sons. And he prepared the kid first, and placed s 1 CONC ome of its blood on the flesh that was on the altar which h 1 CONC e had made, and all the fat he laid on the altar where he m 1 CONC ade the burnt sacrifice, 1 CONT 5 and the ox and the ram and the sheep, and he laid all the 1 CONC ir flesh upon the altar. And he placed all their offering 1 CONC s mingled with oil upon it, and afterwards he sprinkled win 1 CONC e on the fire which he had previously made on the altar, an 1 CONC d he placed incense on the altar and caused a sweet savou 1 CONC r to 1 CONT 6 ascend acceptable before the Lord his God. And he rejoice 1 CONC d and drank of this wine, he and his 1 CONT 7 children with joy. And it was evening, and he went into h 1 CONC is tent, and being drunken he lay down 1 CONT 8 and slept, and was uncovered in his tent as he slept. An 1 CONC d Ham saw Noah his father naked, and 1 CONT 9 went forth and told his two brethren without. And Shem to 1 CONC ok his garment and arose, he and Japheth, and they placed t 1 CONC he garment on their shoulders and went backward and covere 1 CONC d the shame 1 CONT 10 of their father, and their faces were backward. And Noa 1 CONC h awoke from his sleep and knew all that his younger son ha 1 CONC d done unto him, and he cursed his son and said: 'Cursed b 1 CONC e Canaan; an 1 CONT 11 enslaved servant shall he be unto his brethren.' And h 1 CONC e blessed Shem, and said: 'Blessed be the 1 CONT 12 Lord God of Shem, and Canaan shall be his servant. God s 1 CONC hall enlarge Japheth, and God shall 1 CONT 13 dwell in the dwelling of Shem, and Canaan shall be his s 1 CONC ervant.' And Ham knew that his father had cursed his younge 1 CONC r son, and he was displeased that he had cursed his son. an 1 CONC d he parted from 1 CONT 14 his father, he and his sons with him, Cush and Mizraim a 1 CONC nd Put and Canaan. And he built for 1 CONT 15 himself a city and called its name after the name of hi 1 CONC s wife Ne'elatama'uk. And Japheth saw it, and became enviou 1 CONC s of his brother, and he too built for himself a city, an 1 CONC d he called its name after 1 CONT 16 the name of his wife 'Adataneses. And Shem dwelt with hi 1 CONC s father Noah, and he built a city close to his father on t 1 CONC he mountain, and he too called its name after the name of h 1 CONC is wife Sedeqetelebab. 1 CONT 17 And behold these three cities are near Mount Lubar; Sede 1 CONC qetelebab fronting the mountain on its 1 CONT 18 east; and Na'eltama'uk on the south; 'Adatan'eses toward 1 CONC s the west. And these are the sons of Shem: Elam, and Asshu 1 CONC r, and Arpachshad -this (son) was born two years after th 1 CONC e flood- and 1 CONT 19 Lud, and Aram. The sons of Japheth: Gomer and Magog an 1 CONC d Madai and Javan, Tubal and 1 CONT 20 Meshech and Tiras: these are the sons of Noah. And in th 1 CONC e twenty-eighth jubilee [1324-1372 A.M.] Noah began to enjo 1 CONC in upon his sons' sons the ordinances and commandments, an 1 CONC d all the judgments that he knew, and he exhorted his son 1 CONC s to observe righteousness, and to cover the shame of thei 1 CONC r flesh, and to bless their Creator, and honour father an 1 CONC d mother, and love their neighbour, and guard their souls 1 CONT 21 from fornication and uncleanness and all iniquity. For o 1 CONC wing to these three things came the flood upon the earth, n 1 CONC amely, owing to the fornication wherein the Watchers agains 1 CONC t the law of their ordinances went a whoring after the daug 1 CONC hters of men, and took themselves wives of all which they 1 CONT 22 chose: and they made the beginning of uncleanness. And t 1 CONC hey begat sons the Naphidim, and they were all unlike, an 1 CONC d they devoured one another: and the Giants slew the Naphil 1 CONC , and the 1 CONT 23 Naphil slew the Eljo, and the Eljo mankind, and one ma 1 CONC n another. And every one sold himself 1 CONT 24 to work iniquity and to shed much blood, and the earth w 1 CONC as filled with iniquity. And after this they sinned agains 1 CONC t the beasts and birds, and all that moves and walks on th 1 CONC e earth: and much blood was shed on the earth, and every im 1 CONC agination and desire of men imagined vanity and evil 1 CONT 25 continually. And the Lord destroyed everything from of 1 CONC f the face of the earth; because of the wickedness of thei 1 CONC r deeds, and because of the blood which they had shed in th 1 CONC e midst of the earth 1 CONT 26 He destroyed everything. 'And we were left, I and you, m 1 CONC y sons, and everything that entered with us into the ark, a 1 CONC nd behold I see your works before me that ye do not walk i 1 CONC n righteousness: for in the path of destruction ye have beg 1 CONC un to walk, and ye are parting one from another, and are en 1 CONC vious one of another, and (so it comes) that ye are not i 1 CONC n harmony, my sons, each with his brother. 1 CONT 27 For I see, and behold the demons have begun (their) sedu 1 CONC ctions against you and against your children and now I fea 1 CONC r on your behalf, that after my death ye will shed the bloo 1 CONC d of men upon the earth, 1 CONT 28 and that ye, too, will be destroyed from the face of th 1 CONC e earth. For whoso sheddeth man's blood, and whoso eateth t 1 CONC he blood of any flesh, shall all be destroyed from the eart 1 CONC h. 1 CONT 29 And there shall not be left any man that eateth blood, 1 CONT or that sheddeth the blood of man on the earth, 1 CONT Nor shall there be left to him any seed or descendants livi 1 CONC ng under heaven; 1 CONT For into Sheol shall they go, And into the place of condemn 1 CONC ation shall they descend, 1 CONT And into the darkness of the deep shall they all be remove 1 CONC d by a violent death. 1 CONT 30 There shall be no blood seen upon you of all the blood t 1 CONC here shall be all the days in which ye have killed any beas 1 CONC ts or cattle or whatever flies upon the earth, and work y 1 CONC e a good work to your 1 CONT 31 souls by covering that which has been shed on the face o 1 CONC f the earth. And ye shall not be like him who eats with blo 1 CONC od, but guard yourselves that none may eat blood before you 1 CONC : cover the blood, 1 CONT 32 for thus have I been commanded to testify to you and you 1 CONC r children, together with all flesh. And suffer not the sou 1 CONC l to be eaten with the flesh, that your blood, which is you 1 CONC r life, may not be required 1 CONT 33 at the hand of any flesh that sheds (it) on the earth. F 1 CONC or the earth will not be clean from the blood which has bee 1 CONC n shed upon it; for (only) through the blood of him that sh 1 CONC ed it will the earth be 1 CONT 34 purified throughout all its generations. And now, my chi 1 CONC ldren, harken: work judgment and righteousness that ye mayb 1 CONC e planted in righteousness over the face of the whole earth 1 CONC , and your 1 CONT 35 glory lifted up before my God, who saved me from the wat 1 CONC ers of the flood. And behold, ye will go and build for your 1 CONC selves cities, and plant in them all the plants that are up 1 CONC on the earth, and moreover 1 CONT 36 all fruit-bearing trees. For three years the fruit of ev 1 CONC erything that is eaten will not be gathered: and in the fou 1 CONC rth year its fruit will be accounted holy [and they will of 1 CONC fer the first-fruits], acceptable before the Most High God 1 CONC , who created heaven and earth and all things. Let them off 1 CONC er in abundance the first of the wine and oil (as) first-fr 1 CONC uits on the altar of the Lord, who receives it, and 1 CONT 37 what is left let the servants of the house of the Lord e 1 CONC at before the altar which receives (it). And in the fifth y 1 CONC ear 1 CONT 1 CONT make ye the release so that ye release it in righteousnes 1 CONC s and uprightness, and ye shall bc righteous, 1 CONT 38 and all that you plant shall prosper. For thus did Enoch 1 CONC , the father of your father command Methuselah, his son, an 1 CONC d Methuselah his son Lamech, and Lamech commanded me all th 1 CONC e things 1 CONT 39 which his fathers commanded him. And I also will give yo 1 CONC u commandment, my sons, as Enoch commanded his son in the f 1 CONC irst jubilees: whilst still living, the seventh in his gene 1 CONC ration, he commanded and testified to his son and to his so 1 CONC n's sons until the day of his death.' 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 8] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 In the twenty-ninth jubilee, in the first week, [1373 A.M 1 CONC .] in the beginning thereof Arpachshad took to himself a wi 1 CONC fe and her name was Rasu'eja, the daughter of Susan, the da 1 CONC ughter of Elam, and she 1 CONT 2 bare him a son in the third year in this week, [1375 A.M. 1 CONC ] and he called his name Kainam. And the son grew, and hi 1 CONC s father taught him writing, and he went to seek for himsel 1 CONC f a place where he might seize for 1 CONT 3 himself a city. And he found a writing which former (gene 1 CONC rations) had carved on the rock, and he read what was there 1 CONC on, and he transcribed it and sinned owing to it; for it co 1 CONC ntained the teaching of the Watchers in accordance with whi 1 CONC ch they used to observe the omens of the sun and moon and 1 CONT 4 stars in all the signs of heaven. And he wrote it down an 1 CONC d said nothing regarding it; for he was 1 CONT 5 afraid to speak to Noah about it lest he should be angr 1 CONC y with him on account of it. And in the thirtieth jubilee 1 CONC , [1429 A.M.] in the second week, in the first year thereof 1 CONC , he took to himself a wife, and her name was Melka, the da 1 CONC ughter of Madai, the son of Japheth, and in the fourth yea 1 CONC r [1432 A.M.] he begat a son, and 1 CONT 6 called his name Shelah; for he said: 'Truly I have been s 1 CONC ent.' [And in the fourth year he was born], and Shelah gre 1 CONC w up and took to himself a wife, and her name was Mu'ak, th 1 CONC e daughter of Kesed, his father's brother, in the one and t 1 CONC hirtieth jubilee, in the fifth week, in the first year [149 1 CONC 9 A.M.] 1 CONT 7 thereof. And she bare him a son in the fifth year [1503 A 1 CONC .M.] thereof, and he called his name Eber: and he took unt 1 CONC o himself a wife, and her name was 'Azurad, the daughter o 1 CONC f Nebrod, in the thirty-second 1 CONT 8 jubilee, in the seventh week, in the third year thereof 1 CONC . [1564 A.M.] And in the sixth year [1567 A.M.] thereof, sh 1 CONC e bare him son, and he called his name Peleg; for in the da 1 CONC ys when he was born the children of Noah began 1 CONT 9 to divide the earth amongst themselves: for this reason h 1 CONC e called his name Peleg. And they 1 CONT 10 divided (it) secretly amongst themselves, and told it t 1 CONC o Noah. And it came to pass in the beginning of the thirty- 1 CONC third jubilee [1569 A.M.] that they divided the earth int 1 CONC o three parts, for Shem and Ham and Japheth, according to t 1 CONC he inheritance of each, in the first year in the first week 1 CONC , when one of us 1 CONT 11 who had been sent, was with them. And he called his sons 1 CONC , and they drew nigh to him, they and their children, and h 1 CONC e divided the earth into the lots, which his three sons wer 1 CONC e to take in possession, and they reached forth their hands 1 CONC , and took the writing out of the bosom of Noah, their fath 1 CONC er. 1 CONT 12 And there came forth on the writing as Shem's lot the mi 1 CONC ddle of the earth which he should take as an inheritance fo 1 CONC r himself and for his sons for the generations of eternity 1 CONC , from the middle of the mountain range of Rafa, from the m 1 CONC outh of the water from the river Tina, and his portion goe 1 CONC s towards the west through the midst of this river, and i 1 CONC t extends till it reaches the water of the abysses, out o 1 CONC f which this river goes forth and pours its waters into th 1 CONC e sea Me'at, and this river flows into the great sea. And a 1 CONC ll that is towards the north is Japheth's, and all that i 1 CONC s towards the 1 CONT 13 south belongs to Shem. And it extends till it reaches Ka 1 CONC raso: this is in the bosom of the tongue 1 CONT 14 which looks towards the south. And his portion extends a 1 CONC long the great sea, and it extends in a straight line til 1 CONC l it reaches the west of the tongue which looks towards th 1 CONC e south: for this sea is 1 CONT 15 named the tongue of the Egyptian Sea. And it turns fro 1 CONC m here towards the south towards the mouth of the great se 1 CONC a on the shore of (its) waters, and it extends to the wes 1 CONC t to 'Afra, and it extends till it reaches the waters of th 1 CONC e river Gihon, and to the south of the waters of Gihon, t 1 CONC o the 1 CONT 16 banks of this river. And it extends towards the east, ti 1 CONC ll it reaches the Garden of Eden, to the south thereof, [t 1 CONC o the south] and from the east of the whole land of Eden an 1 CONC d of the whole east, it turns to the east and proceeds til 1 CONC l it reaches the east of the mountain named Rafa, and it de 1 CONC scends 1 CONT 17 to the bank of the mouth of the river Tina. This portio 1 CONC n came forth by lot for Shem and his sons, 1 CONT 18 that they should possess it for ever unto his generation 1 CONC s for evermore. And Noah rejoiced that this portion came fo 1 CONC rth for Shem and for his sons, and he remembered all that h 1 CONC e had spoken with his mouth in prophecy; for he had said: 1 CONT 'Blessed be the Lord God of Shem 1 CONT And may the Lord dwell in the dwelling of Shem.' 1 CONT 19 And he knew that the Garden of Eden is the holy of holie 1 CONC s, and the dwelling of the Lord, and Mount Sinai the centr 1 CONC e of the desert, and Mount Zion -the centre of the navel o 1 CONC f the earth: these three 1 CONT 20 were created as holy places facing each other. And he bl 1 CONC essed the God of gods, who had put the 1 CONT 21 word of the Lord into his mouth, and the Lord for evermo 1 CONC re. And he knew that a blessed portion and a blessing had c 1 CONC ome to Shem and his sons unto the generations for ever -th 1 CONC e whole land of Eden and the whole land of the Red Sea, an 1 CONC d the whole land of the east and India, and on the Red Se 1 CONC a and the mountains thereof, and all the land of Bashan, an 1 CONC d all the land of Lebanon and the islands of Kaftur, and al 1 CONC l the mountains of Sanir and 'Amana, and the mountains of A 1 CONC sshur in the north, and all the land of Elam, Asshur, and B 1 CONC abel, and Susan and Ma'edai, and all the mountains of Arara 1 CONC t, and all the region beyond the sea, which is beyond the m 1 CONC ountains of Asshur towards the 1 CONT 22 north, a blessed and spacious land, and all that is in i 1 CONC t is very good. And for Ham came forth the second portion 1 CONC , beyond the Gihon towards the south to the right of the Ga 1 CONC rden, and it extends towards the south and it extends to al 1 CONC l the mountains of fire, and it extends towards the west t 1 CONC o the sea of 'Atel and it extends towards the west till i 1 CONC t reaches the sea of Ma'uk -that (sea) into which 1 CONT 23 everything which is not destroyed descends. And it goe 1 CONC s forth towards the north to the limits of Gadir, and it go 1 CONC es forth to the coast of the waters of the sea to the water 1 CONC s of the great sea till it draws near to the river Gihon, a 1 CONC nd goes along the river Gihon till it reaches the right o 1 CONC f the Garden 1 CONT 24 of Eden. And this is the land which came forth for Ham a 1 CONC s the portion which he was to occupy 1 CONT 25 for ever for himself and his sons unto their generation 1 CONC s for ever. And for Japheth came forth the third portion be 1 CONC yond the river Tina to the north of the outflow of its wate 1 CONC rs, and it extends north- 1 CONT 26 easterly to the whole region of Gog, and to all the coun 1 CONC try east thereof. And it extends northerly to the north, an 1 CONC d it extends to the mountains of Qelt towards the north, an 1 CONC d towards the sea of 1 CONT 27 Ma'uk, and it goes forth to the east of Gadir as far a 1 CONC s the region of the waters of the sea. And it extends unti 1 CONC l it approaches the west of Fara and it returns towards 'Af 1 CONC erag, and it extends easterly 1 CONT 28 to the waters of the sea of Me'at. And it extends to th 1 CONC e region of the river Tina in a north-easterly direction un 1 CONC til it approaches the boundary of its waters towards the mo 1 CONC untain Rafa, and it turns 1 CONT 29 round towards the north. This is the land which came for 1 CONC th for Japheth and his sons as the portion of his inheritan 1 CONC ce which he should possess for himself and his sons, for th 1 CONC eir generations for ever; 1 CONT 30 five great islands, and a great land in the north. But i 1 CONC t is cold, and the land of Ham is hot, and the land of She 1 CONC m is neither hot nor cold, but it is of blended cold and he 1 CONC at. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 9] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And Ham divided amongst his sons, and the first portion c 1 CONC ame forth for Cush towards the east, and to the west of hi 1 CONC m for Mizraim, and to the west of him for Put, and to the w 1 CONC est of him 1 CONT 2 [and to the west thereof] on the sea for Canaan. And She 1 CONC m also divided amongst his sons, and the first portion cam 1 CONC e forth for Ham and his sons, to the east of the river Tigr 1 CONC is till it approachcs the east, the whole land of India, an 1 CONC d on the Red Sea on its coast, and the waters of Dedan, an 1 CONC d all the mountains of Mebri and Ela, and all the land of S 1 CONC usan and all that is on the side of Pharnak 1 CONT 3 to the Red Sea and the river Tina. And for Asshur came fo 1 CONC rth the second Portion, all the land of 1 CONT 4 Asshur and Nineveh and Shinar and to the border of India 1 CONC , and it ascends and skirts the river. And for Arpachshad c 1 CONC ame forth the third portion, all the land of the region o 1 CONC f the Chaldees to the east of the Euphrates, bordering on t 1 CONC he Red Sea, and all the waters of the desert close to the t 1 CONC ongue of the sea which looks towards Egypt, all the land o 1 CONC f Lebanon and Sanir and 'Amana to the border of the 1 CONT 5 Euphrates. And for Aram there came forth the fourth porti 1 CONC on, all the land of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and th 1 CONC e Euphrates to the north of the Chaldees to the border of t 1 CONC he mountains 1 CONT 6 of Asshur and the land of 'Arara. And there came forth fo 1 CONC r Lud the fifth portion, the mountains of Asshur and all ap 1 CONC pertaining to them till it reaches the Great Sea, and til 1 CONC l it reaches the east of 1 CONT 7, 8 Asshur his brother. And Japheth also divided the lan 1 CONC d of his inheritance amongst his sons. And the first portio 1 CONC n came forth for Gomer to the east from the north side to t 1 CONC he river Tina; and in the north there came forth for Mago 1 CONC g all the inner portions of the north until it reaches to t 1 CONC he sea of 1 CONT 9 Me'at. And for Madai came forth as his portion that he sh 1 CONC ould posses from the west of his two 1 CONT 10 brothers to the islands, and to the coasts of the island 1 CONC s. And for Javan came forth the fourth 1 CONT 11 portion every island and the islands which are towards t 1 CONC he border of Lud. And for Tubal there came forth the fift 1 CONC h portion in the midst of the tongue which approaches towar 1 CONC ds the border of the portion of Lud to the second tongue, t 1 CONC o the region beyond the second tongue unto the third tongue 1 CONC . 1 CONT 12 And for Meshech came forth the sixth portion, all the re 1 CONC gion beyond the third tongue till it 1 CONT 13 approaches the east of Gadir. And for Tiras there came f 1 CONC orth the seventh portion, four great islands in the midst o 1 CONC f the sea, which reach to the portion of Ham [and the islan 1 CONC ds of Kamaturi 1 CONT 14 came out by lot for the sons of Arpachshad as his inheri 1 CONC tance]. And thus the sons of Noah divided unto their sons i 1 CONC n the presence of Noah their father, and he bound them al 1 CONC l by an oath, imprecating 1 CONT 15 a curse on every one that sought to seize the portion wh 1 CONC ich had not fallen (to him) by his lot. And they all said 1 CONC , 'So be it; so be it ' for themselves and their sons for e 1 CONC ver throughout their generations till the day of judgment 1 CONC , on which the Lord God shall judge them with a sword and w 1 CONC ith fire for all the unclean wickedness of their errors, wh 1 CONC erewith they have filled the earth with transgression and u 1 CONC ncleanness and fornication and sin. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 10] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the third week of this jubilee the unclean demon 1 CONC s began to lead astray the children of 1 CONT 2 the sons of Noah, and to make to err and destroy them. An 1 CONC d the sons of Noah came to Noah their father, and they tol 1 CONC d him concerning the demons which were leading astray and b 1 CONC linding and 1 CONT 3 slaying his sons' sons. And he prayed before the Lord hi 1 CONC s God, and said: 1 CONT 'God of the spirits of all flesh, who hast shown mercy unt 1 CONC o me 1 CONT And hast saved me and my sons from the waters of the flood, 1 CONT And hast not caused me to perish as Thou didst the sons o 1 CONC f perdition; 1 CONT 1 CONT For Thy grace has been great towards me, 1 CONT And great has been Thy mercy to my soul; 1 CONT 1 CONT Let Thy grace be lift up upon my sons, 1 CONT And let not wicked spirits rule over them 1 CONT Lest they should destroy them from the earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT 4 But do Thou bless me and my sons, that we may increase an 1 CONC d Multiply and replenish the earth. 1 CONT 5 And Thou knowest how Thy Watchers, the fathers of these s 1 CONC pirits, acted in my day: and as for these spirits which ar 1 CONC e living, imprison them and hold them fast in the place o 1 CONC f condemnation, and let them not bring destruction on the s 1 CONC ons of thy servant, my God; for these are malignant, and 1 CONT 6 created in order to destroy. And let them not rule over t 1 CONC he spirits of the living; for Thou alone canst exercise dom 1 CONC inion over them. And let them not have power over the son 1 CONC s of the righteous 1 CONT 7,8 from henceforth and for evermore.' And the Lord our Go 1 CONC d bade us to bind all. And the chief of the spirits, Mastem 1 CONC a, came and said: 'Lord, Creator, let some of them remain b 1 CONC efore me, and let them harken to my voice, and do all tha 1 CONC t I shall say unto them; for if some of them are not left t 1 CONC o me, I shall not be able to execute the power of my will o 1 CONC n the sons of men; for these are for corruption and leadin 1 CONC g astray before my judgment, for great is the wickedness o 1 CONC f the sons of men.' 1 CONT 9 And He said: Let the tenth part of them remain before him 1 CONC , and let nine parts descend into the 1 CONT 10 place of condemnation.' And one of us He commanded tha 1 CONC t we should teach Noah all their 1 CONT 11 medicines; for He knew that they would not walk in uprig 1 CONC htness, nor strive in righteousness. And we did according t 1 CONC o all His words: all the malignant evil ones we bound in th 1 CONC e place of condemna- 1 CONT 12 tion and a tenth part of them we left that they might b 1 CONC e subject before Satan on the earth. And we explained to No 1 CONC ah all the medicines of their diseases, together with thei 1 CONC r seductions, how he 1 CONT 13 might heal them with herbs of the earth. And Noah wrot 1 CONC e down all things in a book as we instructed him concernin 1 CONC g every kind of medicine. Thus the evil spirits were preclu 1 CONC ded from 1 CONT 14 (hurting) the sons of Noah. And he gave all that he ha 1 CONC d written to Shem, his eldest son; for he 1 CONT 15 loved him exceedingly above all his sons. And Noah slep 1 CONC t with his fathers, and was buried on 1 CONT 16 Mount Lubar in the land of Ararat. Nine hundred and fift 1 CONC y years he completed in his life, nineteen 1 CONT 17 jubilees and two weeks and five years. [1659 A.M.] And i 1 CONC n his life on earth he excelled the children of men save En 1 CONC och because of the righteousness, wherein he was perfect. F 1 CONC or Enoch's office was ordained for a testimony to the gener 1 CONC ations of the world, so that he should recount all the deed 1 CONC s of generation 1 CONT 18 unto generation, till the day of judgment. And in the th 1 CONC ree and thirtieth jubilee, in the first year in the secon 1 CONC d week, Peleg took to himself a wife, whose name was Lomn 1 CONC a the daughter of Sina'ar, and she bare him a son in the fo 1 CONC urth year of this week, and he called his name Reu; for h 1 CONC e said: 'Behold the children of men have become evil throug 1 CONC h the wicked purpose of building for themselves 1 CONT 19 a city and a tower in the land of Shinar.' For they depa 1 CONC rted from the land of Ararat eastward to Shinar; for in hi 1 CONC s days they built the city and the tower, saying, 'Go to, l 1 CONC et us ascend thereby into 1 CONT 20 heaven.' And they began to build, and in the fourth wee 1 CONC k they made brick with fire, and the bricks served them fo 1 CONC r stone, and the clay with which they cemented them togethe 1 CONC r was asphalt which 1 CONT 21 comes out of the sea, and out of the fountains of wate 1 CONC r in the land of Shinar. And they built it: forty and thre 1 CONC e years [1645-1688 A.M.] were they building it; its breadt 1 CONC h was 203 bricks, and the height (of a brick) was the thir 1 CONC d of one; its height amounted to 5433 cubits and 2 palms, a 1 CONC nd (the extent of one wall 1 CONT 22 was) thirteen stades (and of the other thirty stades). A 1 CONC nd the Lord our God said unto us: Behold, they are one peop 1 CONC le, and (this) they begin to do, and now nothing will be wi 1 CONC thholden from them. Go to, let us go down and confound thei 1 CONC r language, that they may not understand one another's spee 1 CONC ch, and they may be dispersed into cities and nations, an 1 CONC d one purpose will no longer abide with 1 CONT 23 them till the day of judgment.' And the Lord descended 1 CONC , and we descended with him to see the 1 CONT 24 city and the tower which the children of men had built 1 CONC . And he confounded their language, and they no longer unde 1 CONC rstood one another's speech, and they ceased then to buil 1 CONC d the city and the 1 CONT 25 tower. For this reason the whole land of Shinar is calle 1 CONC d Babel, because the Lord did there confound all the langua 1 CONC ge of the children of men, and from thence they were disper 1 CONC sed into their 1 CONT 26 cities, each according to his language and his nation. A 1 CONC nd the Lord sent a mighty wind against the tower and overth 1 CONC rew it upon the earth, and behold it was between Asshur an 1 CONC d Babylon in the 1 CONT 27 land of Shinar, and they called its name 'Overthrow'. I 1 CONC n the fourth week in the first year [1688 A.M.] in the begi 1 CONC nning thereof in the four and thirtieth jubilee, were the 1 CONC y dispersed from the land of Shinar. 1 CONT 28 And Ham and his sons went into the land which he was t 1 CONC o occupy, which he acquired as his portion 1 CONT 29 in the land of the south. And Canaan saw the land of Leb 1 CONC anon to the river of Egypt, that it was very good, and he w 1 CONC ent not into the land of his inheritance to the west (tha 1 CONC t is to) the sea, and he dwelt in the land of Lebanon, east 1 CONC ward and westward from the border of Jordan and from the bo 1 CONC rder 1 CONT 30 of the sea. And Ham, his father, and Cush and Mizraim hi 1 CONC s brothers said unto him: 'Thou hast settled in a land whic 1 CONC h is not thine, and which did not fall to us by lot: do no 1 CONC t do so; for if thou dost do so, thou and thy sons will fal 1 CONC l in the land and (be) accursed through sedition; for by se 1 CONC dition 1 CONT 31 ye have settled, and by sedition will thy children fall 1 CONC , and thou shalt be rooted out for ever. Dwell 1 CONT 32 not in the dwelling of Shem; for to Shem and to his son 1 CONC s did it come by their lot. Cursed art thou, and cursed sha 1 CONC lt thou be beyond all the sons of Noah, by the curse by whi 1 CONC ch we bound our- 1 CONT 33 selves by an oath in the presence of the holy judge, an 1 CONC d in the presence of Noah our father.' But he did not harke 1 CONC n unto them, and dwelt in the land of Lebanon from Hamath t 1 CONC o the entering of 1 CONT 34,35 Egypt, he and his sons until this day. And for this r 1 CONC eason that land is named Canaan. And Japheth and his sons w 1 CONC ent towards the sea and dwelt in the land of their portion 1 CONC , and Madai saw the land of the sea and it did not please h 1 CONC im, and he begged a (portion) from Ham and Asshur and Arpac 1 CONC hshad, his wife's brother, and he dwelt in the land of Medi 1 CONC a, near to his wife's brother until 1 CONT 36 this day. And he called his dwelling-place, and the dwel 1 CONC ling-place of his sons, Media, after the name of their fath 1 CONC er Madai. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 11] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the thirty-fifth jubilee, in the third week, in th 1 CONC e first year [1681 A.M.] thereof, Reu took to himself a wif 1 CONC e, and her name was 'Ora, the daughter of 'Ur, the son of K 1 CONC esed, and she bare him a son, and 1 CONT 2 he called his name Seroh, in the seventh year of this wee 1 CONC k in this jubilee. [1687 A.M.] And the sons of Noah began t 1 CONC o war on each other, to take captive and to slay each other 1 CONC , and to shed the blood of men on the earth, and to eat blo 1 CONC od, and to build strong cities, and walls, and towers, an 1 CONC d individuals (began) to exalt themselves above the nation 1 CONC , and to found the beginnings of kingdoms, and to go to wa 1 CONC r people against people, and nation against nation, and cit 1 CONC y against city, and all (began) to do evil, and to acquir 1 CONC e arms, and to teach their sons war, and they began to capt 1 CONC ure cities, and to sell 1 CONT 3 male and female slaves. And 'Ur, the son of Kesed, buil 1 CONC t the city of 'Ara of the Chaldees, and called its name aft 1 CONC er his own name and the name of his father. And they made f 1 CONC or themselves molten images, and they worshipped each the i 1 CONC dol, the molten image which they had made for themselves, a 1 CONC nd they began to make graven images and unclean simulacra 1 CONC , and malignant spirits 1 CONT 5 assisted and seduced (them) into committing transgressio 1 CONC n and uncleanness. And the prince Mastema exerted himself t 1 CONC o do all this, and he sent forth other spirits, those whic 1 CONC h were put under his hand, to do all manner of wrong and si 1 CONC n, and all manner of transgression, to corrupt and destroy, 1 CONT 6 and to shed blood upon the earth. For this reason he call 1 CONC ed the name of Seroh, Serug, for every one 1 CONT 7 turned to do all manner of sin and transgression. And h 1 CONC e grew up, and dwelt in Ur of the Chaldees, near to the fat 1 CONC her of his wife's mother, and he worshipped idols, and he t 1 CONC ook to himself a wife in the thirty-sixth jubilee, in the f 1 CONC ifth week, in the first year thereof, [1744 A.M.] and her n 1 CONC ame was Melka, the daughter 1 CONT 8 of Kaber, the daughter of his father's brother. And she b 1 CONC are him Nahor, in the first year of this week, and he gre 1 CONC w and dwelt in Ur of the Chaldees, and his father taught hi 1 CONC m the researches of the 1 CONT 9 Chaldees to divine and augur, according to the signs of h 1 CONC eaven. And in the thirty-seventh jubilee in the sixth week 1 CONC , in the first year thereof, [1800 A.M.] he took to himsel 1 CONC f a wife, and her name was 'Ijaska, the 1 CONT 10 daughter of Nestag of the Chaldees. And she bare him Ter 1 CONC ah in the seventh year of this week. [1806 A.M.] 1 CONT 11 And the prince Mastema sent ravens and birds to devour t 1 CONC he seed which was sown in the land, in order to destroy th 1 CONC e land, and rob the children of men of their labours. Befor 1 CONC e they could plough 1 CONT 12 in the seed, the ravens picked (it) from the surface o 1 CONC f the ground. And for this reason he called his name Tera 1 CONC h because the ravens and the birds reduced them to destitut 1 CONC ion and devoured their 1 CONT 13 seed. And the years began to be barren, owing to the bir 1 CONC ds, and they devoured all the fruit of the trees from the t 1 CONC rees: it was only with great effort that they could sav 1 CONC e a little of all the fruit of the 1 CONT 14 earth in their days. And in this thirty-ninth jubilee, i 1 CONC n the second week in the first year, [1870 A.M.] Terah too 1 CONC k to himself a wife, and her name was 'Edna, the daughter o 1 CONC f 'Abram, the daughter of his father's sister. And in the s 1 CONC eventh year of this week [1876 A.M.] she bare him a son, an 1 CONC d he called his name Abram, 1 CONT 15 by the name of the father of his mother; for he had die 1 CONC d before his daughter had conceived a son. 1 CONT 16 And the child began to understand the errors of the eart 1 CONC h that all went astray after graven images and after unclea 1 CONC nness, and his father taught him writing, and he was two we 1 CONC eks of years old, [1890 A.M.] and he 1 CONT 17 separated himself from his father, that he might not wor 1 CONC ship idols with him. And he began to pray to the Creator o 1 CONC f all things that He might save him from the errors of th 1 CONC e children of men, and that 1 CONT 18 his portion should not fall into error after uncleannes 1 CONC s and vileness. And the seed time came for the sowing of se 1 CONC ed upon the land, and they all went forth together to prote 1 CONC ct their seed against the 1 CONT 19 ravens, and Abram went forth with those that went, and t 1 CONC he child was a lad of fourteen years. And a cloud of raven 1 CONC s came to devour the seed, and Abram ran to meet them befor 1 CONC e they settled on the ground, and cried to them before the 1 CONC y settled on the ground to devour the seed, and said, ' Des 1 CONC cend 1 CONT 20 not: return to the place whence ye came,' and they proce 1 CONC eded to turn back. And he caused the clouds of ravens to tu 1 CONC rn back that day seventy times, and of all the ravens throu 1 CONC ghout all the land 1 CONT 21 where Abram was there settled there not so much as one 1 CONC . And all who were with him throughout all the land saw hi 1 CONC m cry out, and all the ravens turn back, and his name becam 1 CONC e great in all the 1 CONT 22 land of the Chaldees. And there came to him this year al 1 CONC l those that wished to sow, and he went with them until th 1 CONC e time of sowing ceased: and they sowed their land, and tha 1 CONC t year they brought 1 CONT 23 enough grain home and eat and were satisfied. And in th 1 CONC e first year of the fifth week [1891 A.M.] Abram taught tho 1 CONC se who made implements for oxen, the artificers in wood, an 1 CONC d they made a vessel above the ground, facing the frame o 1 CONC f the plough, in order to put the seed thereon, and the see 1 CONC d fell down therefrom upon the share of the plough, and wa 1 CONC s hidden in the earth, and they no longer feared the 1 CONT 24 ravens. And after this manner they made (vessels) abov 1 CONC e the ground on all the frames of the ploughs, and they sow 1 CONC ed and tilled all the land, according as Abram commanded th 1 CONC em, and they no longer feared the birds. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 12] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And it came to pass in the sixth week, in the seventh yea 1 CONC r thereof, [1904 A.M.] that Abram said to Terah his 1 CONT 2 father, saying, 'Father!' And he said, 'Behold, here am I 1 CONC , my son.' And he said, 1 CONT 1 CONT 'What help and profit have we from those idols which thou d 1 CONC ost worship, 1 CONT And before which thou dost bow thyself? 1 CONT 1 CONT 3 For there is no spirit in them, 1 CONT For they are dumb forms, and a misleading of the heart. 1 CONT Worship them not: 1 CONT 1 CONT 4 Worship the God of heaven, 1 CONT Who causes the rain and the dew to descend on the earth 1 CONT And does everything upon the earth, 1 CONT 1 CONT And has created everything by His word, 1 CONT And all life is from before His face. 1 CONT 1 CONT 5 Why do ye worship things that have no spirit in them? 1 CONT For they are the work of (men's) hands, 1 CONT 1 CONT And on your shoulders do ye bear them, 1 CONT And ye have no help from them, 1 CONT 1 CONT But they are a great cause of shame to those who make them, 1 CONT And a misleading of the heart to those who worship them: 1 CONT Worship them not.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 6 And his father said unto him, I also know it, my son, bu 1 CONC t what shall I do with a people who have 1 CONT 7 made me to serve before them? And if I tell them the trut 1 CONC h, they will slay me; for their soul cleaves to them to wor 1 CONC ship them and honour them. Keep silent, my son, lest they s 1 CONC lay thee.' And 1 CONT 9 these words he spake to his two brothers, and they were a 1 CONC ngry with him and he kept silent. And in the fortieth jubil 1 CONC ee, in the second week, in the seventh year thereof, [192 1 CONC 5 A.M.] Abram took to himself a wife, 1 CONT 10 and her name was Sarai, the daughter of his father, an 1 CONC d she became his wife. And Haran, his brother, took to hims 1 CONC elf a wife in the third year of the third week, [1928 A.M. 1 CONC ] and she bare him a son in the 1 CONT 11 seventh year of this week, [1932 A.M.] and he called hi 1 CONC s name Lot. And Nahor, his brother, took to himself 1 CONT 12 a wife. And in the sixtieth year of the life of Abram, t 1 CONC hat is, in the fourth week, in the fourth year thereof, [19 1 CONC 36 A.M.] Abram arose by night, and burned the house of th 1 CONC e idols, and he burned all that was in the 1 CONT 13 house and no man knew it. And they arose in the night an 1 CONC d sought to save their gods from the 1 CONT 14 midst of the fire. And Haran hasted to save them, but th 1 CONC e fire flamed over him, and he was burnt in the fire, and h 1 CONC e died in Ur of the Chaldees before Terah his father, and t 1 CONC hey buried him in Ur of 1 CONT 15 the Chaldees. And Terah went forth from Ur of the Chalde 1 CONC es, he and his sons, to go into the land of Lebanon and int 1 CONC o the land of Canaan, and he dwelt in the land of Haran, an 1 CONC d Abram dwelt with 1 CONT 16 Terah his father in Haran two weeks of years. And in th 1 CONC e sixth week, in the fifth year thereof, [1951 A.M.] Abra 1 CONC m sat up throughout the night on the new moon of the sevent 1 CONC h month to observe the stars from the evening to the mornin 1 CONC g, in order to see what would be the character of the yea 1 CONC r with regard 1 CONT 17 to the rains, and he was alone as he sat and observed. A 1 CONC nd a word came into his heart and he said: All the signs o 1 CONC f the stars, and the signs of the moon and of the sun are a 1 CONC ll in the hand of the Lord. Why do I search (them) out? 1 CONT 1 CONT 18 If He desires, He causes it to rain, morning and evening; 1 CONT And if He desires, He withholds it, 1 CONT And all things are in his hand.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 19 And he prayed that night and said, 1 CONT 'My God, God Most High, Thou alone art my God, 1 CONT And Thee and Thy dominion have I chosen. 1 CONT And Thou hast created all things, 1 CONT And all things that are the work of thy hands. 1 CONT 1 CONT 20 Deliver me from the hands of evil spirits who have domin 1 CONC ion over the thoughts of men's hearts, 1 CONT And let them not lead me astray from Thee, my God. 1 CONT 1 CONT And stablish Thou me and my seed for ever 1 CONT That we go not astray from henceforth and for evermore.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 21 And he said, 'Shall I return unto Ur of the Chaldees wh 1 CONC o seek my face that I may return to them, am I to remain he 1 CONC re in this place? The right path before Thee prosper it i 1 CONC n the hands of Thy servant that he may fulfil (it) and tha 1 CONC t I may not walk in the deceitfulness of my heart, O my God 1 CONC .' 1 CONT 22 And he made an end of speaking and praying, and behold t 1 CONC he word of the Lord was sent to him through me, saying: 'Ge 1 CONC t thee up from thy country, and from thy kindred and from t 1 CONC he house of thy father unto a land which I will show thee 1 CONC , and I shall make thee a great and numerous nation. 1 CONT 1 CONT 23 And I will bless thee 1 CONT And I will make thy name great, 1 CONT And thou shalt be blessed in the earth, 1 CONT And in Thee shall all families of the earth be blessed, 1 CONT And I will bless them that bless thee, 1 CONT And curse them that curse thee. 1 CONT 1 CONT 24 And I will be a God to thee and thy son, and to thy son' 1 CONC s son, and to all thy seed: fear not, from 1 CONT 25 henceforth and unto all generations of the earth I am th 1 CONC y God.' And the Lord God said: 'Open his mouth and his ears 1 CONC , that he may hear and speak with his mouth, with the langu 1 CONC age which has been revealed'; for it had ceased from the mo 1 CONC uths of all the children of men from the day of the 1 CONT 26 overthrow (of Babel). And I opened his mouth, and his ea 1 CONC rs and his lips, and I began to speak 1 CONT 27 with him in Hebrew in the tongue of the creation. And h 1 CONC e took the books of his fathers, and these were written i 1 CONC n Hebrew, and he transcribed them, and he began from hencef 1 CONC orth to study them, and I made known to him that which he c 1 CONC ould not (understand), and he studied them during the six 1 CONT 28 rainy months. And it came to pass in the seventh year o 1 CONC f the sixth week [1953 A.M.] that he spoke to his father an 1 CONC d informed him, that he would leave Haran to go into the la 1 CONC nd of Canaan to see it and 1 CONT 29 return to him. And Terah his father said unto him; Go i 1 CONC n peace: 1 CONT 1 CONT May the eternal God make thy path straight. 1 CONT And the Lord [(be) with thee, and] protect thee from all ev 1 CONC il, 1 CONT And grant unto thee grace, mercy and favour before those wh 1 CONC o see thee, 1 CONT And may none of the children of men have power over thee t 1 CONC o harm thee; 1 CONT Go in peace. 1 CONT 1 CONT 30 And if thou seest a land pleasant to thy eyes to dwell i 1 CONC n, then arise and take me to thee and take 1 CONT 31 Lot with thee, the son of Haran thy brother as thine ow 1 CONC n son: the Lord be with thee. And Nahor thy brother leave w 1 CONC ith me till thou returnest in peace, and we go with thee al 1 CONC l together.' 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 13] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And Abram journeyed from Haran, and he took Sarai, his wi 1 CONC fe, and Lot, his brother Haran's son, to the land of Canaan 1 CONC , and he came into Asshur, and proceeded to Shechem, and dw 1 CONC elt near 1 CONT 2 a lofty oak. And he saw, and, behold, the land was very p 1 CONC leasant from the entering of Hamath to 1 CONT 3 the lofty oak. And the Lord said to him: 'To thee and t 1 CONC o thy seed will I give this land.' And 1 CONT 4 he built an altar there, and he offered thereon a burnt s 1 CONC acrifice to the Lord, who had appeared to 1 CONT 5 him. And he removed from thence unto the mountain . . . B 1 CONC ethel on the west and Ai on the 1 CONT 6 east, and pitched his tent there. And he saw and behold 1 CONC , the land was very wide and good, and everything grew ther 1 CONC eon -vines and figs and pomegranates, oaks and ilexes, an 1 CONC d terebinths and oil trees, and cedars and cypresses and da 1 CONC te trees, and all trees of the field, and there was water o 1 CONC n the 1 CONT 7 mountains. And he blessed the Lord who had led him out o 1 CONC f Ur of the Chaldees, and had brought 1 CONT 8 him to this land. And it came to pass in the first year 1 CONC , in the seventh week, on the new moon of the first month 1 CONC , 1954 A.M.] that he built an altar on this mountain, and c 1 CONC alled on the name of the Lord: 'Thou, 1 CONT 9 the eternal God, art my God.' And he offered on the alta 1 CONC r a burnt sacrifice unto the Lord that He 1 CONT 10 should be with him and not forsake him all the days of h 1 CONC is life. And he removed from thence and went towards the so 1 CONC uth, and he came to Hebron and Hebron was built at that tim 1 CONC e, and he dwelt there two years, and he went (thence) int 1 CONC o the land of the south, to Bealoth, and there was a famine 1 CONT 11 in the land. And Abram went into Egypt in the third yea 1 CONC r of the week, and he dwelt in Egypt 1 CONT 12 five years before his wife was torn away from him. Now T 1 CONC anais in Egypt was at that time built- 1 CONT 13 seven years after Hebron. And it came to pass when Phara 1 CONC oh seized Sarai, the wife of Abram that the Lord plagued Ph 1 CONC araoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai, Ab 1 CONC ram's wife. 1 CONT 14 And Abram was very glorious by reason of possessions i 1 CONC n sheep, and cattle, and asses, and horses, and camels, an 1 CONC d menservants, and maidservants, and in silver and gold exc 1 CONC eedingly. And Lot also 1 CONT 15 his brother's son, was wealthy. And Pharaoh gave back Sa 1 CONC rai, the wife of Abram, and he sent him out of the land o 1 CONC f Egypt, and he journeyed to the place where he had pitche 1 CONC d his tent at the beginning, to the place of the altar, wit 1 CONC h Ai on the east, and Bethel on the west, and he blessed the 1 CONT 16 Lord his God who had brought him back in peace. And it c 1 CONC ame to pass in the forty-first jubilee in the third year o 1 CONC f the first week, [1963 A.M.] that he returned to this plac 1 CONC e and offered thereon a burnt sacrifice, and called on th 1 CONC e name of the Lord, and said: 'Thou, the most high God, ar 1 CONC t my God for ever 1 CONT 17 and ever.' And in the fourth year of this week [1964 A.M 1 CONC .] Lot parted from him, and Lot dwelt in Sodom, and 1 CONT 18 the men of Sodom were sinners exceedingly. And it grieve 1 CONC d him in his heart that his brother's 1 CONT 19 son had parted from him; for he had no children. In tha 1 CONC t year when Lot was taken captive, the Lord said unto Abram 1 CONC , after that Lot had parted from him, in the fourth year o 1 CONC f this week: 'Lift up thine eyes from the place where tho 1 CONC u art dwelling, northward and southward, and westward and 1 CONT 20 eastward. For all the land which thou seest I will giv 1 CONC e to thee and to thy seed for ever, and I will make thy see 1 CONC d as the sand of the sea: though a man may number the dus 1 CONC t of the earth, yet 1 CONT 21 thy seed shall not be numbered. Arise, walk (through th 1 CONC e land) in the length of it and the breadth of it, and se 1 CONC e it all; for to thy seed will I give it.' And Abram went t 1 CONC o Hebron, and dwelt there. 1 CONT 22 And in this year came Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and Am 1 CONC raphel, king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Sellasar, and Te 1 CONC rgal, king of nations, and slew the king of Gomorrah, and t 1 CONC he king of Sodom 1 CONT 23 fled, and many fell through wounds in the vale of Siddim 1 CONC , by the Salt Sea. And they took captive Sodom and Adam an 1 CONC d Zeboim, and they took captive Lot also, the son of Abram' 1 CONC s brother, and 1 CONT 24 all his possessions, and they went to Dan. And one who h 1 CONC ad escaped came and told Abram that 1 CONT 25 his brother's son had been taken captive and (Abram) arm 1 CONC ed his household servants . . . 1 CONT . . . . for Abram, and for his seed, a tenth of the first f 1 CONC ruits to the Lord, and the Lord ordained it as an ordinanc 1 CONC e for ever that they should give it to the priests 1 CONT 26 who served before Him, that they should possess it for e 1 CONC ver. And to this law there is no limit of days; for He hat 1 CONC h ordained it for the generations for ever that they shoul 1 CONC d give to the Lord the tenth of everything, of the seed an 1 CONC d of the wine and of the oil and of the cattle and of the s 1 CONC heep. 1 CONT 27,28 And He gave (it) unto His priests to eat and to drin 1 CONC k with joy before Him. And the king of Sodom came to him an 1 CONC d bowed himself before him, and said: 'Our Lord Abram, giv 1 CONC e unto us the 1 CONT 29 souls which thou hast rescued, but let the booty be thin 1 CONC e.' And Abram said unto him: 'I lift up my hands to the Mos 1 CONC t High God, that from a thread to a shoe-latchet I shall no 1 CONC t take aught that is thine lest thou shouldst say, I have m 1 CONC ade Abram rich; save only what the young men have eaten, an 1 CONC d the portion of the men who went with me -Aner, Eschol, an 1 CONC d Mamre. These shall take their portion.' 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 14] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 After these things, in the fourth year of this week, on t 1 CONC he new moon of the third month, the word of the Lord came t 1 CONC o Abram in a dream, saying: 'Fear not, Abram; I am thy defe 1 CONC nder, and 1 CONT 2 thy reward will be exceeding great.' And he said: 'Lord 1 CONC , Lord, what wilt thou give me, seeing I go hence childless 1 CONC , and the son of Maseq, the son of my handmaid, is the Damm 1 CONC asek Eliezer: he 1 CONT 3 will be my heir, and to me thou hast given no seed.' An 1 CONC d he said unto him: 'This (man) will not 1 CONT 4 be thy heir, but one that will come out of thine own bowe 1 CONC ls; he will be thine heir.' And He brought him forth abroad 1 CONC , and said unto him: 'Look toward heaven and number the sta 1 CONC rs if thou 1 CONT 5 art able to number them.' And he looked toward heaven, an 1 CONC d beheld the stars. And He said 1 CONT 6 unto him: 'So shall thy seed be.' And he believed in th 1 CONC e Lord, and it was counted to him for 1 CONT 7 righteousness. And He said unto him: 'I am the Lord tha 1 CONC t brought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee th 1 CONC e land of the Canaanites to possess it for ever; and I wil 1 CONC l be God unto thee and to 1 CONT 8 thy seed after thee.' And he said: 'Lord, Lord, whereby s 1 CONC hall I know that I shall inherit (it)?' 1 CONT 9 And He said unto him: 'Take Me an heifer of three years 1 CONC , and a goat of three years, and a sheep 1 CONT 10 of three years, and a turtle-dove, and a pigeon.' And h 1 CONC e took all these in the middle of the month 1 CONT 11 and he dwelt at the oak of Mamre, which is near Hebron 1 CONC . And he built there an altar, and sacrificed all these; an 1 CONC d he poured their blood upon the altar, and divided them i 1 CONC n the midst, and 1 CONT 12 laid them over against each other; but the birds divide 1 CONC d he not. And birds came down upon the 1 CONT 13 pieces, and Abram drove them away, and did not suffer th 1 CONC e birds to touch them. And it came to pass, when the sun ha 1 CONC d set, that an ecstasy fell upon Abram, and lo ! an horro 1 CONC r of great darkness fell upon him, and it was said unto Abr 1 CONC am: 'Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger i 1 CONC n a land (that is) not theirs, and they shall bring them in 1 CONC to bondage, and afflict them four hundred 1 CONT 14 years. And the nation also to whom they will be in bonda 1 CONC ge will I judge, and after that they shall 1 CONT 15 come forth thence with much substance. And thou shalt g 1 CONC o to thy fathers in peace, and be buried 1 CONT 16 in a good old age. But in the fourth generation they sha 1 CONC ll return hither; for the iniquity of the 1 CONT 17 Amorites is not yet full.' And he awoke from his sleep 1 CONC , and he arose, and the sun had set; and there was a flame 1 CONC , and behold ! a furnace was smoking, and a flame of fire p 1 CONC assed between the 1 CONT 18 pieces. And on that day the Lord made a covenant with Ab 1 CONC ram, saying: 'To thy seed will I give this land, from the r 1 CONC iver of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates, th 1 CONC e Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites, the Perizzites 1 CONC , and the Rephaim, the Phakorites, and the Hivites, and the 1 CONT 19 Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Girgashites, and t 1 CONC he Jebusites. And the day passed, and Abram offered the pie 1 CONC ces, and the birds, and their fruit offerings, and their dr 1 CONC ink offerings, and 1 CONT 20 the fire devoured them. And on that day we made a covena 1 CONC nt with Abram, according as we had covenanted with Noah i 1 CONC n this month; and Abram renewed the festival and ordinanc 1 CONC e for himself 1 CONT 21 for ever. And Abram rejoiced, and made all these thing 1 CONC s known to Sarai his wife; and he believed 1 CONT 22 that he would have seed, but she did not bear. And Sara 1 CONC i advised her husband Abram, and said unto him: 'Go in unt 1 CONC o Hagar, my Egyptian maid: it may be that I shall build u 1 CONC p seed unto thee 1 CONT 23 by her.' And Abram harkened unto the voice of Sarai hi 1 CONC s wife, and said unto her, 'Do (so).' And Sarai took Hagar 1 CONC , her maid, the Egyptian, and gave her to Abram, her husban 1 CONC d, to be his 1 CONT 24 wife. And he went in unto her, and she conceived and bar 1 CONC e him a son, and he called his name Ishmael, in the fifth y 1 CONC ear of this week [1965 A.M.]; and this was the eighty-sixt 1 CONC h year in the life of Abram. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 15] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the fifth year of the fourth week of this jubilee 1 CONC , [1979 A.M.] in the third month, in the middle of the 1 CONT 2 month, Abram celebrated the feast of the first-fruits o 1 CONC f the grain harvest. And he offered new offerings on the al 1 CONC tar, the first-fruits of the produce, unto the Lord, an hei 1 CONC fer and a goat and a sheep on the altar as a burnt sacrific 1 CONC e unto the Lord; their fruit offerings and their drink offe 1 CONC rings he 1 CONT 3 offered upon the altar with frankincense. And the Lord ap 1 CONC peared to Abram, and said unto him: 1 CONT 4 'I am God Almighty; approve thyself before me and be tho 1 CONC u perfect. And I will make My covenant between Me and thee 1 CONC , and I will multiply thee exceedingly.' And Abram fell o 1 CONC n his face, and God talked with him, and said: 1 CONT 1 CONT 6 'Behold my ordinance is with thee, 1 CONT And thou shalt be the father of many nations. 1 CONT 1 CONT 7 Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, 1 CONT But thy name from henceforth, even for ever, shall be Abrah 1 CONC am. 1 CONT For the father of many nations have I made thee. 1 CONT 1 CONT And I will make thee very great, 1 CONT And I will make thee into nations, 1 CONT And kings shall come forth from thee. 1 CONT 1 CONT 9 And I shall establish My covenant between Me and thee, an 1 CONC d thy seed after thee, throughout their generations, for a 1 CONC n eternal covenant, so that I may be a God unto thee, and t 1 CONC o thy seed after thee. 1 CONT 10 the land where thou hast been a sojourner, 1 CONT 11 the land of Canaan, that thou mayst possess it for ever 1 CONC , and I will be their God.' And the Lord said unto Abraham 1 CONC : 'And as for thee, do thou keep my covenant, thou and th 1 CONC y seed after thee: and circumcise ye every male among you 1 CONC , and circumcise your foreskins, and it shall be a token of 1 CONT 12 an eternal covenant between Me and you. And the child o 1 CONC n the eighth day ye shall circumcise, every male throughou 1 CONC t your generations, him that is born in the house, or who 1 CONC m ye have bought 1 CONT 13 with money from any stranger, whom ye have acquired wh 1 CONC o is not of thy seed. He that is born in thy house shall su 1 CONC rely be circumcised, and those whom thou hast bought with m 1 CONC oney shall be circum- 1 CONT 14 cised, and My covenant shall be in your flesh for an ete 1 CONC rnal ordinance. And the uncircumcised male who is not circu 1 CONC mcised in the flesh of his foreskin on the eighth day, tha 1 CONC t soul shall be cut off from 1 CONT 15 his people, for he has broken My covenant.' And God sai 1 CONC d unto Abraham: 'As for Sarai thy wife, 1 CONT 16 her name shall no more be called Sarai, but Sarah shal 1 CONC l be her name. And I will bless her, and give thee a son b 1 CONC y her, and I will bless him, and he shall become a nation 1 CONC , and kings of nations shall 1 CONT 17 proceed from him.' And Abraham fell on his face, and rej 1 CONC oiced, and said in his heart: 'Shall a son be born to him t 1 CONC hat is a hundred years old, and shall Sarah, who is ninet 1 CONC y years old, bring forth?' 1 CONT 18,19 And Abraham said unto God: 'O that Ishmael might liv 1 CONC e before thee!' And God said: 'Yea, and Sarah also shall be 1 CONC ar thee a son, and thou shalt call his name Isaac, and I wi 1 CONC ll establish My 1 CONT 20 covenant with him, an everlasting covenant, and for hi 1 CONC s seed after him. And as for Ishmael also have I heard thee 1 CONC , and behold I will bless him, and make him great, and mult 1 CONC iply him exceedingly, 1 CONT 21 and he shall beget twelve princes, and I will make hi 1 CONC m a great nation. But My covenant will 1 CONT 22 I establish with Isaac, whom Sarah shall bear to thee, i 1 CONC n these days, in the next year.' And He left 1 CONT 23 off speaking with him, and God went up from Abraham. An 1 CONC d Abraham did according as God had said unto him, and he to 1 CONC ok Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his house, an 1 CONC d whom he had 1 CONT 24 bought with his money, every male in his house, and circ 1 CONC umcised the flesh of their foreskin. And on the selfsame da 1 CONC y was Abraham circumcised, and all the men of his house 1 CONC , , and all those, whom he had bought with money from the c 1 CONC hildren of the stranger, were 1 CONT 25 circumcised with him. This law is for all the generation 1 CONC s for ever, and there is no circumcision of the days, and n 1 CONC o omission of one day out of the eight days; for it is an e 1 CONC ternal ordinance, ordained 1 CONT 26 and written on the heavenly tablets. And every one tha 1 CONC t is born, the flesh of whose foreskin is not circumcised o 1 CONC n the eighth day, belongs not to the children of the covena 1 CONC nt which the Lord made with Abraham, but to the children o 1 CONC f destruction; nor is there, moreover, any sign on him tha 1 CONC t he is the Lord's, but (he is destined) to be destroyed an 1 CONC d slain from the earth, and to be rooted out of 1 CONT 27 the earth, for he has broken the covenant of the Lord ou 1 CONC r God. For all the angels of the presence and all the angel 1 CONC s of sanctification have been so created from the day of th 1 CONC eir creation, and before the angels of the presence and th 1 CONC e angels of sanctification He hath sanctified Israel, tha 1 CONC t they should 1 CONT 28 be with Him and with His holy angels. And do thou comman 1 CONC d the children of Israel and let them observe the sign of t 1 CONC his covenant for their generations as an eternal ordinance 1 CONC , and they will not be 1 CONT 29 rooted out of the land. For the command is ordained fo 1 CONC r a covenant, that they should observe it 1 CONT 30 for ever among all the children of Israel. For Ishmael a 1 CONC nd his sons and his brothers and Esau, the Lord did not cau 1 CONC se to approach Him, and he chose them not because they ar 1 CONC e the children of 1 CONT 31 Abraham, because He knew them, but He chose Israel to b 1 CONC e His people. And He sanctified it, and gathered it from am 1 CONC ongst all the children of men; for there are many nations a 1 CONC nd many peoples, and all are His, and over all hath He plac 1 CONC ed spirits in authority to lead them astray from Him. 1 CONT 32 But over Israel He did not appoint any angel or spirit 1 CONC , for He alone is their ruler, and He will preserve them an 1 CONC d require them at the hand of His angels and His spirits, a 1 CONC nd at the hand of all His powers in order that He may prese 1 CONC rve them and bless them, and that they may be His and He 1 CONT 33 may be theirs from henceforth for ever. And now I announ 1 CONC ce unto thee that the children of Israel will not keep tru 1 CONC e to this ordinance, and they will not circumcise their son 1 CONC s according to all this law; for in the flesh of their circ 1 CONC umcision they will omit this circumcision of their sons, an 1 CONC d all of them, 1 CONT 34 sons of Beliar, will leave their sons uncircumcised as t 1 CONC hey were born. And there will be great wrath from the Lor 1 CONC d against the children of Israel. because they have forsake 1 CONC n His covenant and turned aside from His word, and provoke 1 CONC d and blasphemed, inasmuch as they do not observe the ordin 1 CONC ance of this law; for they have treated their members lik 1 CONC e the Gentiles, so that they may be removed and rooted ou 1 CONC t of the land. And there will no more be pardon or forgiven 1 CONC ess unto them [so that there should be forgiveness and pard 1 CONC on] for all the sin of this eternal error. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 16] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And on the new moon of the fourth month we appeared unt 1 CONC o Abraham, at the oak of Mamre, and we talked with him, an 1 CONC d we announced to him that a son would be given to him by S 1 CONC arah his wife. 1 CONT 2 And Sarah laughed, for she heard that we had spoken thes 1 CONC e words with Abraham, and we admonished 1 CONT 3 her, and she became afraid, and denied that she had laugh 1 CONC ed on account of the words. And we told her the name of he 1 CONC r son, as his name is ordained and written in the heavenl 1 CONC y tablets (i.e.) Isaac, 1 CONT 4,5 And (that) when we returned to her at a set time, she w 1 CONC ould have conceived a son. And in this month the Lord execu 1 CONC ted his judgments on Sodom, and Gomorrah, and Zeboim, and a 1 CONC ll the region of the Jordan, and He burned them with fire a 1 CONC nd brimstone, and destroyed them until this day, even as [l 1 CONC o] I have declared unto thee all their works, that they ar 1 CONC e wicked and sinners exceedingly, and that they defile them 1 CONC selves and commit fornication in their flesh, and work uncl 1 CONC eanness on the earth. 1 CONT 6 And, in like manner, God will execute judgment on the pla 1 CONC ces where they have done according to 1 CONT 7 the uncleanness of the Sodomites, like unto the judgmen 1 CONC t of Sodom. But Lot we saved; for God 1 CONT 8 remembered Abraham, and sent him out from the midst of th 1 CONC e overthrow. And he and his daughters committed sin upon th 1 CONC e earth, such as had not been on the earth since the days o 1 CONC f Adam till his 1 CONT 9 time; for the man lay with his daughters. And, behold, i 1 CONC t was commanded and engraven concerning all his seed, on th 1 CONC e heavenly tablets, to remove them and root them out, and t 1 CONC o execute judgment upon them like the judgment of Sodom, an 1 CONC d to leave no seed of the man on earth on the day 1 CONT 10 of condemnation. And in this month Abraham moved from He 1 CONC bron, and departed and dwelt between 1 CONT 11 Kadesh and Shur in the mountains of Gerar. And in the mi 1 CONC ddle of the fifth month he moved from 1 CONT 12 thence, and dwelt at the Well of the Oath. And in the mi 1 CONC ddle of the sixth month the Lord visited 1 CONT 13 Sarah and did unto her as He had spoken and she conceive 1 CONC d. And she bare a son in the third month, and in the middl 1 CONC e of the month, at the time of which the Lord had spoken t 1 CONC o Abraham, on 1 CONT 14 the festival of the first fruits of the harvest, Isaac w 1 CONC as born. And Abraham circumcised his son on the eighth day 1 CONC : he was the first that was circumcised according to the co 1 CONC venant which is ordained 1 CONT 15 for ever. And in the sixth year of the fourth week we ca 1 CONC me to Abraham, to the Well of the Oath, and we appeared unt 1 CONC o him [as we had told Sarah that we should return to her, a 1 CONC nd she would have 1 CONT 16 conceived a son. And we returned in the seventh month, a 1 CONC nd found Sarah with child before us] and we blessed him, an 1 CONC d we announced to him all the things which had been decree 1 CONC d concerning him, that he should not die till he should beg 1 CONC et six sons more, and should see (them) before he died; but 1 CONT 17 (that) in Isaac should his name and seed be called: An 1 CONC d (that) all the seed of his sons should be Gentiles, and b 1 CONC e reckoned with the Gentiles; but from the sons of Isaac on 1 CONC e should become a holy 1 CONT 18 seed, and should not be reckoned among the Gentiles. Fo 1 CONC r he should become the portion of the Most High, and all hi 1 CONC s seed had fallen into the possession of God, that it shoul 1 CONC d be unto the Lord a people for (His) possession above al 1 CONC l nations and that it should become a kingdom and priests a 1 CONC nd 1 CONT 19 a holy nation. And we went our way, and we announced t 1 CONC o Sarah all that we had told him, and 1 CONT 20 they both rejoiced with exceeding great joy. And he buil 1 CONC t there an altar to the Lord who had delivered him, and wh 1 CONC o was making him rejoice in the land of his sojourning, an 1 CONC d he celebrated a festival of joy in this month seven days 1 CONC , near the altar which he had built at the Well of the Oath. 1 CONT 21 And he built booths for himself and for his servants o 1 CONC n this festival, and he was the first to celebrate 1 CONT 22 the feast of tabernacles on the earth. And during thes 1 CONC e seven days he brought each day to the altar a burnt offer 1 CONC ing to the Lord, two oxen, two rams, seven sheep, one he-go 1 CONC at, for a sin offering, 1 CONT 23 that he might atone thereby for himself and for his seed 1 CONC . And, as a thank-offering, seven rams, seven kids, seven s 1 CONC heep, and seven he-goats, and their fruit offerings and the 1 CONC ir drink offerings; and he burnt all the fat thereof on th 1 CONC e altar, a chosen offering unto the Lord for a sweet smelli 1 CONC ng savour. 1 CONT 24 And morning and evening he burnt fragrant substances, fr 1 CONC ankincense and galbanum, and stackte, and nard, and myrrh 1 CONC , and spice, and costum; all these seven he offered, crushe 1 CONC d, mixed together in 1 CONT 25 equal parts (and) pure. And he celebrated this feast dur 1 CONC ing seven days, rejoicing with all his heart and with all h 1 CONC is soul, he and all those who were in his house, and ther 1 CONC e was no stranger with him, 1 CONT 26 nor any that was uncircumcised. And he blessed his Creat 1 CONC or who had created him in his generation, for He had create 1 CONC d him according to His good pleasure; for He knew and perce 1 CONC ived that from him would arise the plant of righteousness f 1 CONC or the eternal generations, and from him a holy seed, so th 1 CONC at it 1 CONT 27 should become like Him who had made all things. And he b 1 CONC lessed and rejoiced, and he called the 1 CONT 28 name of this festival the festival of the Lord, a joy ac 1 CONC ceptable to the Most High God. And we blessed him for ever 1 CONC , and all his seed after him throughout all the generation 1 CONC s of the earth, because 1 CONT 29 he celebrated this festival in its season, according t 1 CONC o the testimony of the heavenly tablets. For this reason i 1 CONC t is ordained on the heavenly tablets concerning Israel, th 1 CONC at they shall celebrate the feast of tabernacles seven day 1 CONC s with joy, in the seventh month, acceptable before the Lor 1 CONC d -a statute for 1 CONT 30 ever throughout their generations every year. And to thi 1 CONC s there is no limit of days; for it is ordained for ever re 1 CONC garding Israel that they should celebrate it and dwell in b 1 CONC ooths, and set wreaths upon 1 CONT 31 their heads, and take leafy boughs, and willows from th 1 CONC e brook. And Abraham took branches of palm trees, and the f 1 CONC ruit of goodly trees, and every day going round the altar w 1 CONC ith the branches seven times [a day] in the morning, he pra 1 CONC ised and gave thanks to his God for all things in joy. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 17] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the first year of the fifth week Isaac was weane 1 CONC d in this jubilee, [1982 A.M.] and Abraham made 1 CONT 2 a great banquet in the third month, on the day his son Is 1 CONC aac was weaned. And Ishmael, the son of Hagar, the Egyptian 1 CONC , was before the face of Abraham, his father, in his place 1 CONC , and Abraham rejoiced 1 CONT 3 and blessed God because he had seen his sons and had no 1 CONC t died childless. And he remembered the words which He ha 1 CONC d spoken to him on the day on which Lot had parted from him 1 CONC , and he rejoiced because the Lord had given him seed upo 1 CONC n the earth to inherit the earth, and he blessed with all h 1 CONC is 1 CONT 4 mouth the Creator of all things. And Sarah saw Ishmael pl 1 CONC aying and dancing, and Abraham rejoicing with great joy, an 1 CONC d she became jealous of Ishmael and said to Abraham, 'Cas 1 CONC t out this 1 CONT 5 bondwoman and her son; for the son of this bondwoman wil 1 CONC l not be heir with my son, Isaac.' And the thing was grievo 1 CONC us in Abraham's sight, because of his maidservant and becau 1 CONC se of his son, 1 CONT 6 that he should drive them from him. And God said to Abrah 1 CONC am 'Let it not be grievous in thy sight, because of the chi 1 CONC ld and because of the bondwoman; in all that Sarah hath sai 1 CONC d unto thee, 1 CONT 7 harken to her words and do (them); for in Isaac shall th 1 CONC y name and seed be called. But as for 1 CONT 8 the son of this bondwoman I will make him a great nation 1 CONC , because he is of thy seed.' And Abraham rose up early i 1 CONC n the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and pl 1 CONC aced them on the shoulders 1 CONT 9 of Hagar and the child, and sent her away. And she depart 1 CONC ed and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba, and the wat 1 CONC er in the bottle was spent, and the child thirsted, and wa 1 CONC s not able to go on, 1 CONT 10 and fell down. And his mother took him and cast him unde 1 CONC r an olive tree, and went and sat her down over against him 1 CONC , at the distance of a bow-shot; for she said, 'Let me no 1 CONC t see the death of my 1 CONT 11 child,' and as she sat she wept. And an angel of God, on 1 CONC e of the holy ones, said unto her, 'Why weepest thou, Hagar 1 CONC ? Arise take the child, and hold him in thine hand; for Go 1 CONC d hath heard thy 1 CONT 12 voice, and hath seen the child.' And she opened her eyes 1 CONC , and she saw a well of water, and she went and filled he 1 CONC r bottle with water, and she gave her child to drink, and s 1 CONC he arose and went towards 1 CONT 13 the wilderness of Paran. And the child grew and became a 1 CONC n archer, and God was with him, and his 1 CONT 14 mother took him a wife from among the daughters of Egypt 1 CONC . And she bare him a son, and he called 1 CONT 15 his name Nebaioth; for she said, 'The Lord was nigh to m 1 CONC e when I called upon him.' And it came to pass in the seven 1 CONC th week, in the first year thereof, [2003 A.M.] in the firs 1 CONC t month in this jubilee, on the twelfth of this month, ther 1 CONC e were voices in heaven regarding Abraham, that he was fait 1 CONC hful in all that He 1 CONT 16 told him, and that he loved the Lord, and that in ever 1 CONC y affliction he was faithful. And the prince Mastema came a 1 CONC nd said before God, 'Behold, Abraham loves Isaac his son, a 1 CONC nd he delights in him above all things else; bid him offe 1 CONC r him as a burnt-offering on the altar, and Thou wilt see i 1 CONC f he will do this command, and Thou wilt know if he is fait 1 CONC hful in everything wherein Thou dost try him. 1 CONT 17 And the Lord knew that Abraham was faithful in all his a 1 CONC fflictions; for He had tried him through his country and wi 1 CONC th famine, and had tried him with the wealth of kings, an 1 CONC d had tried him again through his wife, when she was torn ( 1 CONC from him), and with circumcision; and had tried him through 1 CONT 18 Ishmael and Hagar, his maid-servant, when he sent them a 1 CONC way. And in everything wherein He had tried him, he was fou 1 CONC nd faithful, and his soul was not impatient, and he was no 1 CONC t slow to act; for he was faithful and a lover of the Lord. 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 18] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1,2 And God said to him, 'Abraham, Abraham'; and he said, B 1 CONC ehold, (here) am I.' And he said, Take thy beloved son who 1 CONC m thou lovest, (even) Isaac, and go unto the high country 1 CONC , and offer him 1 CONT 3 on one of the mountains which I will point out unto thee. 1 CONC ' And he rose early in the morning and saddled his ass, an 1 CONC d took his two young men with him, and Isaac his son, and c 1 CONC lave the wood of the 1 CONT 4 burnt offering, and he went to the place on the third day 1 CONC , and he saw the place afar off. And he came to a well of w 1 CONC ater, and he said to his young men, 'Abide ye here with th 1 CONC e ass, and I and the 1 CONT 5 lad shall go (yonder), and when we have worshipped we sha 1 CONC ll come again to you.' And he took the wood of the burnt-of 1 CONC fering and laid it on Isaac his son, and he took in his han 1 CONC d the fire and the 1 CONT 6 knife, and they went both of them together to that place 1 CONC . And Isaac said to his father, 'Father;' and he said, 'Her 1 CONC e am I, my son.' And he said unto him, 'Behold the fire, an 1 CONC d the knife, and the 1 CONT 7 wood; but where is the sheep for the burnt-offering, fath 1 CONC er?' And he said, 'God will provide for himself a sheep fo 1 CONC r a burnt-offering, my son.' And he drew near to the plac 1 CONC e of the mount of 1 CONT 8 God. And he built an altar, and he placed the wood on th 1 CONC e altar, and bound Isaac his son, and placed him on the woo 1 CONC d which was upon the altar, and stretched forth his hand t 1 CONC o take the knife 1 CONT 9 to slay Isaac his son. And I stood before him, and befor 1 CONC e the prince Mastema, and the Lord said, 'Bid him not to la 1 CONC y his hand on the lad, nor to do anything to him, for I hav 1 CONC e shown that he fears 1 CONT 10 the Lord.' And I called to him from heaven, and said unt 1 CONC o him: 'Abraham, Abraham;' and he 1 CONT 11 was terrified and said: 'Behold, (here) am I.' And I sai 1 CONC d unto him: 'Lay not thy hand upon the lad, neither do tho 1 CONC u anything to him; for now I have shown that thou fearest t 1 CONC he Lord, and hast 1 CONT 12 not withheld thy son, thy first-born son, from me.' An 1 CONC d the prince Mastema was put to shame; and Abraham lifted u 1 CONC p his eyes and looked, and, behold a ram caught . . . by hi 1 CONC s horns, and Abraham 1 CONT 13 went and took the ram and offered it for a burnt-offerin 1 CONC g in the stead of his son. And Abraham called that place 'T 1 CONC he Lord hath seen', so that it is said the Lord hath seen 1 CONC : that is 1 CONT 14 Mount Sion. And the Lord called Abraham by his name a se 1 CONC cond time from heaven, as he caused 1 CONT 15 us to appear to speak to him in the name of the Lord. An 1 CONC d he said: 'By Myself have I sworn, saith the Lord, 1 CONT 1 CONT Because thou hast done this thing, 1 CONT And hast not withheld thy son, thy beloved son, from Me, 1 CONT That in blessing I will bless thee, 1 CONT 1 CONT And in multiplying I will multiply thy seed 1 CONT As the stars of heaven, And as the sand which is on the sea 1 CONC shore. 1 CONT 1 CONT And thy seed shall inherit the cities of its enemies, 1 CONT 16 And in thy seed shall all nations of the earth be blesse 1 CONC d; 1 CONT 1 CONT Because thou hast obeyed My voice, 1 CONT And I have shown to all that thou art faithful unto Me in a 1 CONC ll that I have said unto thee: 1 CONT Go in peace.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 17 And Abraham went to his young men, and they arose and we 1 CONC nt together to Beersheba, and Abraham [2010 A.M.] 1 CONT 18 dwelt by the Well of the Oath. And he celebrated this fe 1 CONC stival every year, seven days with joy, and he called it th 1 CONC e festival of the Lord according to the seven days during w 1 CONC hich he went and 1 CONT 19 returned in peace. And accordingly has it been ordaine 1 CONC d and written on the heavenly tablets regarding Israel an 1 CONC d its seed that they should observe this festival seven day 1 CONC s with the joy of festival. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 19] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the first year of the first week in the forty-seco 1 CONC nd jubilee, Abraham returned and dwelt 1 CONT 2 opposite Hebron, that is Kirjath Arba, two weeks of years 1 CONC . And in the first year of the third week 1 CONT 3 of this jubilee the days of the life of Sarah were accomp 1 CONC lished, and she died in Hebron. And Abraham went to mourn o 1 CONC ver her and bury her, and we tried him [to see] if his spir 1 CONC it were patient and he were not indignant in the words of h 1 CONC is mouth; and he was found patient in this, and was not 1 CONT 4 disturbed. For in patience of spirit he conversed with th 1 CONC e children of Heth, to the intent that they 1 CONT 5 should give him a place in which to bury his dead. And th 1 CONC e Lord gave him grace before all who saw him, and he besoug 1 CONC ht in gentleness the sons of Heth, and they gave him the la 1 CONC nd of the double 1 CONT 6 cave over against Mamre, that is Hebron, for four hundre 1 CONC d pieces of silver. And they besought him saying, We shal 1 CONC l give it to thee for nothing; but he would not take it fro 1 CONC m their hands for nothing, for he gave the price of the pla 1 CONC ce, the money in full, and he bowed down before them twice 1 CONC , and after 1 CONT 7 this he buried his dead in the double cave. And all the d 1 CONC ays of the life of Sarah were one hundred and twenty-seve 1 CONC n years, that is, two jubilees and four weeks and one year 1 CONC : these are the days of the 1 CONT 8 years of the life of Sarah. This is the tenth trial where 1 CONC with Abraham was tried, and he was found 1 CONT 9 faithful, patient in spirit. And he said not a single wor 1 CONC d regarding the rumour in the land how that God had said th 1 CONC at He would give it to him and to his seed after him, and h 1 CONC e begged a place there to bury his dead; for he was found f 1 CONC aithful, and was recorded on the heavenly tablets as the fr 1 CONC iend of 1 CONT 10 God. And in the fourth year thereof he took a wife for h 1 CONC is son Isaac and her name was Rebecca [2020 A.M.] [the daug 1 CONC hter of Bethuel, the son of Nahor, the brother of Abraham 1 CONC ] the sister of Laban and daughter of Bethuel; and Bethue 1 CONC l was the son of Melca, who was the wife of Nahor, the brot 1 CONC her of Abraham. 1 CONT 11 And Abraham took to himself a third wife, and her name w 1 CONC as Keturah, from among the daughters of his household serva 1 CONC nts, for Hagar had died before Sarah. And she bare him si 1 CONC x sons, Zimram, 1 CONT 12 and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shua 1 CONC h, in the two weeks of years. And in 1 CONT 13 the sixth week, in the second year thereof, Rebecca bar 1 CONC e to Isaac two sons, Jacob and Esau, and [2046 A.M.] Jaco 1 CONC b was a smooth and upright man, and Esau was fierce, a ma 1 CONC n of the field, and hairy, and Jacob 1 CONT 14 dwelt in tents. And the youths grew, and Jacob learned t 1 CONC o write; but Esau did not learn, for he 1 CONT 15 was a man of the field and a hunter, and he learnt war 1 CONC , and all his deeds were fierce. And Abraham 1 CONT 16 loved Jacob, but Isaac loved Esau. And Abraham saw the d 1 CONC eeds of Esau, and he knew that in Jacob should his name an 1 CONC d seed be called; and he called Rebecca and gave commandmen 1 CONC t regarding 1 CONT 17 Jacob, for he knew that she (too) loved Jacob much mor 1 CONC e than Esau. And he said unto her: 1 CONT 1 CONT My daughter, watch over my son Jacob, 1 CONT For he shall be in my stead on the earth, 1 CONT And for a blessing in the midst of the children of men, 1 CONT And for the glory of the whole seed of Shem. 1 CONT 1 CONT 18 For I know that the Lord will choose him to be a peopl 1 CONC e for possession unto Himself, above all 1 CONT 19 peoples that are upon the face of the earth. And behold 1 CONC , Isaac my son loves Esau more than Jacob, but I see that t 1 CONC hou truly lovest Jacob. 1 CONT 1 CONT 20 Add still further to thy kindness to him, 1 CONT And let thine eyes be upon him in love; 1 CONT For he shall be a blessing unto us on the earth from hencef 1 CONC orth unto all generations of the earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT 21 Let thy hands be strong 1 CONT And let thy heart rejoice in thy son Jacob; 1 CONT For I have loved him far beyond all my sons. 1 CONT 1 CONT He shall be blessed for ever, 1 CONT And his seed shall fill the whole earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT 22 If a man can number the sand of the earth, 1 CONT His seed also shall be numbered. 1 CONT 1 CONT 23 And all the blessings wherewith the Lord hath blessed m 1 CONC e and my seed shall belong to Jacob and 1 CONT 24 his seed alway. And in his seed shall my name be blessed 1 CONC , and the name of my fathers, Shem, and 1 CONT 25 Noab, and Enoch, and Mahalalel, and Enos, and Seth, an 1 CONC d Adam. And these shall serve 1 CONT 1 CONT To lay the foundations of the heaven, 1 CONT And to strengthen the earth, 1 CONT And to renew all the luminaries which are in the firmament. 1 CONT 1 CONT 26 And he called Jacob before the eyes of Rebecca his mothe 1 CONC r, and kissed him, and blessed him, and 1 CONT 27 said: 'Jacob, my beloved son, whom my soul loveth, may G 1 CONC od bless thee from above the firmament, and may He give the 1 CONC e all the blessings wherewith He blessed Adam, and Enoch, a 1 CONC nd Noah, and Shem; and all the things of which He told me 1 CONC , and all the things which He promised to give me, may he c 1 CONC ause to cleave to thee and to thy seed for ever, accordin 1 CONC g to the days of heaven above the 1 CONT 28 earth. And the Spirits of Mastema shall not rule over th 1 CONC ee or over thy seed to turn thee from the 1 CONT 29 Lord, who is thy God from henceforth for ever. And may t 1 CONC he Lord God be a father to thee and 1 CONT 30 thou the first-born son, and to the people alway. Go i 1 CONC n peace, my son.' And they both went forth 1 CONT 31 together from Abraham. And Rebecca loved Jacob, with al 1 CONC l her heart and with all her soul, very much more than Esau 1 CONC ; but Isaac loved Esau much more than Jacob. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 20] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the forty-second jubilee, in the first year of th 1 CONC e seventh week, Abraham called Ishmael, [2052 (2045?) A.M.] 1 CONT 2 and his twelve sons, and Isaac and his two sons, and th 1 CONC e six sons of Keturah, and their sons. And he commanded the 1 CONC m that they should observe the way of the Lord; that they s 1 CONC hould work righteousness, and love each his neighbour, an 1 CONC d act on this manner amongst all men; that they should each 1 CONT 3 so walk with regard to them as to do judgment and righteo 1 CONC usness on the earth. That they should circumcise their sons 1 CONC , according to the covenant which He had made with them, an 1 CONC d not deviate to the right hand or the left of all the path 1 CONC s which the Lord had commanded us; and that we should kee 1 CONC p ourselves from all fornication and uncleanness, [and reno 1 CONC unce from amongst us all fornication and 1 CONT 4 uncleanness]. And if any woman or maid commit fornicatio 1 CONC n amongst you, burn her with fire and let them not commit f 1 CONC ornication with her after their eyes and their heart; and l 1 CONC et them not take to themselves wives from the daughters o 1 CONC f Canaan; for the seed of Canaan will be rooted out of 1 CONT 5 the land. And he told them of the judgment of the giants 1 CONC , and the judgment of the Sodomites, how they had been judg 1 CONC ed on account of their wickedness, and had died on accoun 1 CONC t of their fornication, and uncleanness, and mutual corrupt 1 CONC ion through fornication. 1 CONT 1 CONT 6 'And guard yourselves from all fornication and uncleannes 1 CONC s, 1 CONT And from all pollution of sin, 1 CONT 1 CONT Lest ye make our name a curse, 1 CONT And your whole life a hissing, 1 CONT 1 CONT And all your sons to be destroyed by the sword, 1 CONT And ye become accursed like Sodom, 1 CONT And all your remnant as the sons of Gomorrah. 1 CONT 1 CONT 7 I implore you, my sons, love the God of heaven 1 CONT And cleave ye to all His commandments. 1 CONT 1 CONT And walk not after their idols, and after their uncleanness 1 CONC es, 1 CONT 8 And make not for yourselves molten or graven gods; 1 CONT 1 CONT For they are vanity, 1 CONT And there is no spirit in them; 1 CONT 1 CONT For they are work of (men's) hands, 1 CONT And all who trust in them, trust in nothing. 1 CONT 1 CONT 9 Serve them not, nor worship them, 1 CONT But serve ye the most high God, and worship Him continually 1 CONC : 1 CONT And hope for His countenance always, 1 CONT And work uprightness and righteousness before Him, 1 CONT 1 CONT That He may have pleasure in you and grant you His mercy, 1 CONT And send rain upon you morning and evening, 1 CONT 1 CONT And bless all your works which ye have wrought upon the ear 1 CONC th, 1 CONT And bless thy bread and thy water, 1 CONT 1 CONT And bless the fruit of thy womb and the fruit of thy land, 1 CONT And the herds of thy cattle, and the flocks of thy sheep. 1 CONT 1 CONT 10 And ye will be for a blessing on the earth, 1 CONT And all nations of the earth will desire you, 1 CONT 1 CONT And bless your sons in my name, 1 CONT That they may be blessed as I am. 1 CONT 1 CONT 11 And he gave to Ishmael and to his sons, and to the son 1 CONC s of Keturah, gifts, and sent them away 1 CONT 12 from Isaac his son, and he gave everything to Isaac hi 1 CONC s son. And Ishmael and his sons, and the sons of Keturah an 1 CONC d their sons, went together and dwelt from Paran to the ent 1 CONC ering in of Babylon in 1 CONT 13 all the land which is towards the East facing the desert 1 CONC . And these mingled with each other, and their name was cal 1 CONC led Arabs, and Ishmaelites. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 21] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the sixth year of the seventh week of this jubile 1 CONC e Abraham called Isaac his son, and [2057 (2050?) A.M.] com 1 CONC manded him: saying, 'I am become old, and know not the da 1 CONC y of my death, and am full of my 1 CONT 2 days. And behold, I am one hundred and seventy-five year 1 CONC s old, and throughout all the days of my life I have rememb 1 CONC ered the Lord, and sought with all my heart to do His will 1 CONC , and to walk uprightly 1 CONT 3 in all His ways. My soul has hated idols, 1 CONT 4 given my heart and spirit> that I might observe to do th 1 CONC e will of Him who created me. For He is the living God, an 1 CONC d He is holy and faithful, and He is righteous beyond all 1 CONC , and there is with Him no accepting of (men's) persons an 1 CONC d no accepting of gifts; for God is righteous, and executet 1 CONC h judg- 1 CONT 5 ment on all those who transgress His commandments and des 1 CONC pise His covenant. And do thou, my son, observe His command 1 CONC ments and His ordinances and His judgments, and walk not af 1 CONC ter the 1 CONT 6 abominations and after the graven images and after the mo 1 CONC lten images. And eat no blood at all of 1 CONT 7 animals or cattle, or of any bird which flies in the heav 1 CONC en. And if thou dost slay a victim as an acceptable peace o 1 CONC ffering, slay ye it, and pour out its blood upon the altar 1 CONC , and all the fat of the offering offer on the altar with f 1 CONC ine flour and the meat offering mingled with oil, with it 1 CONC s drink offering -offer them all together on the altar of b 1 CONC urnt offering; it is a sweet savour before the Lord. 1 CONT 8 And thou wilt offer the fat of the sacrifice of thank off 1 CONC erings on the fire which is upon the altar, and the fat whi 1 CONC ch is on the belly, and all the fat on the inwards and th 1 CONC e two kidneys, and all the fat that 1 CONT 9 is upon them, and upon the loins and liver thou shalt rem 1 CONC ove, together with the kidneys. And offer all these for a s 1 CONC weet savour acceptable before the Lord, with its meat-offer 1 CONC ing and with its drink- 1 CONT 10 offering, for a sweet savour, the bread of the offerin 1 CONC g unto the Lord. And eat its meat on that day and on the se 1 CONC cond day, and let not the sun on the second day go down upo 1 CONC n it till it is eaten, and let nothing be left over for th 1 CONC e third day; for it is not acceptable [for it is not approv 1 CONC ed] and let it no longer be eaten, and all who eat thereo 1 CONC f will bring sin upon themselves; for thus I have found i 1 CONC t written in the books of my forefathers, and in the word 1 CONC s of Enoch, and in the words of Noah. 1 CONT 11 And on all thy oblations thou shalt strew salt, and le 1 CONC t not the salt of the covenant be lacking in all 1 CONT 12 thy oblations before the Lord. And as regards the wood o 1 CONC f the sacrifices, beware lest thou bring (other) wood for t 1 CONC he altar in addition to these: cypress, bay, almond, fir, p 1 CONC ine, cedar, savin, fig, olive, 1 CONT 13 myrrh, laurel, aspalathus. And of these kinds of wood la 1 CONC y upon the altar under the sacrifice, such as have been tes 1 CONC ted as to their appearance, and do not lay (thereon) any sp 1 CONC lit or dark wood, (but) hard and clean, without fault, a so 1 CONC und and new growth; and do not lay (thereon) old wood, [fo 1 CONC r its 1 CONT 14 fragrance is gone] for there is no longer fragrance in i 1 CONC t as before. Besides these kinds of wood there is none othe 1 CONC r that thou shalt place (on the altar), for the fragrance i 1 CONC s dispersed, and the smell of its 1 CONT 15 fragrance goes not up to heaven. Observe this commandmen 1 CONC t and do it, my son, that thou mayst 1 CONT 16 be upright in all thy deeds. And at all times be clean i 1 CONC n thy body, and wash thyself with water before thou approac 1 CONC hest to offer on the altar, and wash thy hands and thy fee 1 CONC t before thou drawest 1 CONT 17 near to the altar; and when thou art done sacrificing, w 1 CONC ash again thy hands and thy feet. And let no blood appear u 1 CONC pon you nor upon your clothes; be on thy guard, my son, aga 1 CONC inst blood, be on thy 1 CONT 18 guard exceedingly; cover it with dust. And do not eat an 1 CONC y blood for it is the soul; eat no blood whatever. And tak 1 CONC e no gifts for the blood of man, lest it be shed with impun 1 CONC ity, without judgment; for it is the blood that is shed tha 1 CONC t causes the earth to sin, and the earth cannot be cleanse 1 CONC d from the 1 CONT 20 blood of man save by the blood of him who shed it. And t 1 CONC ake no present or gift for the blood of man: blood for bloo 1 CONC d, that thou mayest be accepted before the Lord, the Most H 1 CONC igh God; for He is the defence of the good: and that thou m 1 CONC ayest be preserved from all evil, and that He may save the 1 CONC e from every kind of death. 1 CONT 1 CONT 21 I see, my son, 1 CONT That all the works of the children of men are sin and wicke 1 CONC dness, 1 CONT And all their deeds are uncleanness and an abomination an 1 CONC d a pollution, 1 CONT And there is no righteousness with them. 1 CONT 1 CONT 22 Beware, lest thou shouldest walk in their ways 1 CONT And tread in their paths, 1 CONT And sin a sin unto death before the Most High God. 1 CONT 1 CONT Else He will [hide His face from thee 1 CONT And] give thee back into the hands of thy transgression, 1 CONT And root thee out of the land, and thy seed likewise from u 1 CONC nder heaven, 1 CONT And thy name and thy seed shall perish from the whole earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT 23 Turn away from all their deeds and all their uncleanness 1 CONC , 1 CONT And observe the ordinance of the Most High God, 1 CONT And do His will and be upright in all things. 1 CONT 1 CONT 24 And He will bless thee in all thy deeds, 1 CONT And will raise up from thee a plant of righteousness throug 1 CONC h all the earth, throughout all generations of the earth, 1 CONT And my name and thy name shall not be forgotten under heave 1 CONC n for ever. 1 CONT 1 CONT 25 Go, my son in peace. 1 CONT May the Most High God, my God and thy God, strengthen the 1 CONC e to do His will, 1 CONT And may He bless all thy seed and the residue of thy seed f 1 CONC or the generations for ever, with all righteous blessings, 1 CONT That thou mayest be a blessing on all the earth.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 26 And he went out from him rejoicing. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 22] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And it came to pass in the first week in the forty-fourt 1 CONC h jubilee, in the second year, that is, the year in which A 1 CONC braham died, that Isaac and Ishmael came from the Well of t 1 CONC he Oath to celebrate the feast of weeks -that is, the feas 1 CONC t of the first fruits of the harvest-to Abraham, their 1 CONT 2 father, and Abraham rejoiced because his two sons had com 1 CONC e. For Isaac had many possessions in 1 CONT 3 Beersheba, and Isaac was wont to go and see his possessio 1 CONC ns and to return to his father. And in those days Ishmael c 1 CONC ame to see his father, and they both came together, and Isa 1 CONC ac offered a sacrifice 1 CONT 4 for a burnt offering, and presented it on the altar of hi 1 CONC s father which he had made in Hebron. And he offered a than 1 CONC k offering and made a feast of joy before Ishmael, his brot 1 CONC her: and Rebecca made new cakes from the new grain, and gav 1 CONC e them to Jacob, her son, to take them to Abraham, his fath 1 CONC er, from the first fruits of the land, that he might eat an 1 CONC d bless the Creator of all things before he died. 1 CONT 5 And Isaac, too, sent by the hand of Jacob to Abraham a be 1 CONC st thank offering, that he might eat and 1 CONT 6 drink. And he eat and drank, and blessed the Most High Go 1 CONC d, 1 CONT Who hath created heaven and earth, 1 CONT Who hath made all the fat things of the earth, 1 CONT And given them to the children of men 1 CONT That they might eat and drink and bless their Creator. 1 CONT 1 CONT 7 'And now I give thanks unto Thee, my God, because thou ha 1 CONC st caused me to see this day: behold, I am one hundred thre 1 CONC e score and fifteen years, an old man and full of days, an 1 CONC d all my days have 1 CONT 8 been unto me peace. The sword of the adversary has not ov 1 CONC ercome me in all that Thou hast given 1 CONT 9 me and my children all the days of my life until this day 1 CONC . My God, may Thy mercy and Thy peace be upon Thy servant 1 CONC , and upon the seed of his sons, that they may be to The 1 CONC e a chosen nation and an inheritance from amongst all the n 1 CONC ations of the earth from henceforth unto all the days of the 1 CONT 10 generations of the earth, unto all the ages.' And he cal 1 CONC led Jacob and said: 'My son Jacob, may the God of all bles 1 CONC s thee and strengthen thee to do righteousness, and His wil 1 CONC l before Him, and may He choose thee and thy seed that ye m 1 CONC ay become a people for His inheritance according to His will 1 CONT 11 alway. And do thou, my son, Jacob, draw near and kiss me 1 CONC .' And he drew near and kissed him, and he said: 1 CONT 1 CONT 'Blessed be my son Jacob 1 CONT And all the sons of God Most High, unto all the ages: 1 CONT 1 CONT May God give unto thee a seed of righteousness; 1 CONT And some of thy sons may He sanctify in the midst of the wh 1 CONC ole earth; 1 CONT 1 CONT May nations serve thee, 1 CONT And all the nations bow themselves before thy seed. 1 CONT 1 CONT 12 Be strong in the presence of men, 1 CONT And exercise authority over all the seed of Seth. 1 CONT 1 CONT Then thy ways and the ways of thy sons will be justified, 1 CONT So that they shall become a holy nation. 1 CONT 1 CONT 13 May the Most High God give thee all the blessings 1 CONT Wherewith He has blessed me 1 CONT 1 CONT And wherewith He blessed Noah and Adam; 1 CONT May they rest on the sacred head of thy seed from generatio 1 CONC n to generation for ever. 1 CONT 1 CONT 14 And may He cleanse thee from all unrighteousness and imp 1 CONC urity, 1 CONT That thou mayest be forgiven all the transgressions; whic 1 CONC h thou hast committed ignorantly. 1 CONT 1 CONT And may He strengthen thee, 1 CONT And bless thee. 1 CONT And mayest thou inherit the whole earth, 1 CONT 1 CONT 15 And may He renew His covenant with thee. 1 CONT That thou mayest be to Him a nation for His inheritance fo 1 CONC r all the ages, 1 CONT And that He may be to thee and to thy seed a God in truth a 1 CONC nd righteousness throughout all the days of the earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT 16 And do thou, my son Jacob, remember my words, 1 CONT And observe the commandments of Abraham, thy father: 1 CONT 1 CONT Separate thyself from the nations, 1 CONT And eat not with them: 1 CONT 1 CONT And do not according to their works, 1 CONT And become not their associate; 1 CONT 1 CONT For their works are unclean, 1 CONT And all their ways are a Pollution and an abomination and u 1 CONC ncleanness. 1 CONT 1 CONT 17 They offer their sacrifices to the dead 1 CONT And they worship evil spirits, 1 CONT 1 CONT And they eat over the graves, 1 CONT And all their works are vanity and nothingness. 1 CONT 1 CONT 18 They have no heart to understand 1 CONT And their eyes do not see what their works are, 1 CONT 1 CONT And how they err in saying to a piece of wood: 'Thou art m 1 CONC y God,' 1 CONT And to a stone: 'Thou art my Lord and thou art my deliverer 1 CONC .' 1 CONT [And they have no heart.] 1 CONT 1 CONT 19 And as for thee, my son Jacob, 1 CONT May the Most High God help thee 1 CONT And the God of heaven bless thee 1 CONT And remove thee from their uncleanness and from all their e 1 CONC rror. 1 CONT 1 CONT 20 Be thou ware, my son Jacob, of taking a wife from any se 1 CONC ed of the daughters of Canaan; 1 CONT For all his seed is to be rooted out of the earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT 21 For, owing to the transgression of Ham, Canaan erred, 1 CONT And all his seed shall be destroyed from off the earth an 1 CONC d all the residue thereof, 1 CONT And none springing from him shall be saved on the day of ju 1 CONC dgment. 1 CONT 1 CONT 22 And as for all the worshippers of idols and the profane 1 CONT (b) There shall be no hope for them in the land of the livi 1 CONC ng; 1 CONT (c) And there shall be no remembrance of them on the earth; 1 CONT (c) For they shall descend into Sheol, 1 CONT (d) And into the place of condemnation shall they go, 1 CONT 1 CONT As the children of Sodom were taken away from the earth 1 CONT So will all those who worship idols be taken away. 1 CONT 1 CONT 23 Fear not, my son Jacob, 1 CONT And be not dismayed, O son of Abraham: 1 CONT 1 CONT May the Most High God preserve thee from destruction, 1 CONT And from all the paths of error may he deliver thee. 1 CONT 1 CONT 24 This house have I built for myself that I might put my n 1 CONC ame upon it in the earth: [it is given to thee and to thy s 1 CONC eed for ever], and it will be named the house of Abraham; i 1 CONC t is given to thee and to thy seed for ever; for thou wil 1 CONC t build my house and establish my name before God for ever 1 CONC : thy seed and thy name will stand throughout all generatio 1 CONC ns of the earth.' 1 CONT 25,26 And he ceased commanding him and blessing him. And th 1 CONC e two lay together on one bed, and Jacob slept in the boso 1 CONC m of Abraham, his father's father and he kissed him seven t 1 CONC imes, and his 1 CONT 27 affection and his heart rejoiced over him. And he blesse 1 CONC d him with all his heart and said: 'The Most High God, th 1 CONC e God of all, and Creator of all, who brought me forth fro 1 CONC m Ur of the Chaldees that he might give me this land to inh 1 CONC erit it for ever, and that I might establish a holy seed-bl 1 CONC essed 1 CONT 28 be the Most High for ever.' And he blessed Jacob and sai 1 CONC d: 'My son, over whom with all my heart and my affectio 1 CONC n I rejoice, may Thy grace and Thy mercy be lift up upon hi 1 CONC m and upon his seed 1 CONT 29 alway. And do not forsake him, nor set him at nought fro 1 CONC m henceforth unto the days of eternity, and may Thine eye 1 CONC s be opened upon him and upon his seed, that Thou mayst pre 1 CONC serve him, and 1 CONT 30 bless him, and mayest sanctify him as a nation for Thin 1 CONC e inheritance; And bless him with all Thy blessings from he 1 CONC nceforth unto all the days of eternity, and renew Thy coven 1 CONC ant and Thy grace with him and with his seed according to a 1 CONC ll Thy good pleasure unto all the generations of the earth.' 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 23] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And he placed two fingers of Jacob on his eyes, and he bl 1 CONC essed the God of gods, and he covered his face and stretche 1 CONC d out his feet and slept the sleep of eternity, and was gat 1 CONC hered to his fathers. 1 CONT 2 And notwithstanding all this Jacob was lying in his bosom 1 CONC , and knew not that Abraham, his father's 1 CONT 3 father, was dead. And Jacob awoke from his sleep, and beh 1 CONC old Abraham was cold as ice, and he 1 CONT 4 said 'Father, father'; but there was none that spake, an 1 CONC d he knew that he was dead. And he arose from his bosom an 1 CONC d ran and told Rebecca, his mother; and Rebecca went to Isa 1 CONC ac in the night, and told him; and they went together, an 1 CONC d Jacob with them, and a lamp was in his hand, and 1 CONT 5 when they had gone in they found Abraham lying dead. An 1 CONC d Isaac fell on the face of his father 1 CONT 6 and wept and kissed him. And the voices were heard in th 1 CONC e house of Abraham, and Ishmael his son arose, and went t 1 CONC o Abraham his father, and wept over Abraham his father, h 1 CONC e and all the house 1 CONT 7 of Abraham, and they wept with a great weeping. And his s 1 CONC ons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the double cave, near S 1 CONC arah his wife, and they wept for him forty days, all the me 1 CONC n of his house, and Isaac and Ishmael, and all their sons 1 CONC , and all the sons of Keturah in their places; and the day 1 CONC s of 1 CONT 8 weeping for Abraham were ended. And he lived three jubile 1 CONC es and four weeks of years, one hundred 1 CONT 9 and seventy-five years, and completed the days of his lif 1 CONC e, being old and full of days. For the days of the forefath 1 CONC ers, of their life, were nineteen jubilees; and after the F 1 CONC lood they began to grow less than nineteen jubilees, and t 1 CONC o decrease in jubilees, and to grow old quickly, and to b 1 CONC e full of their days by reason of manifold tribulation an 1 CONC d the wickedness of their ways, with the exception of 1 CONT 10 Abraham. For Abraham was perfect in all his deeds with t 1 CONC he Lord, and well-pleasing in righteousness all the days o 1 CONC f his life; and behold, he did not complete four jubilees i 1 CONC n his life, when he had 1 CONT 11 grown old by reason of the wickedness, and was full of h 1 CONC is days. And all the generations which shall arise from thi 1 CONC s time until the day of the great judgment shall grow old q 1 CONC uickly, before they complete two jubilees, and their knowle 1 CONC dge shall forsake them by reason of their old age Land al 1 CONC l their know- 1 CONT 12 ledge shall vanish away]. And in those days, if a man li 1 CONC ve a jubilee and a-half of years, they shall say regardin 1 CONC g him: 'He has lived long, and the greater part of his day 1 CONC s are pain and sorrow and 1 CONT 13 tribulation, and there is no peace: For calamity follow 1 CONC s on calamity, and wound on wound, and tribulation on tribu 1 CONC lation, and evil tidings on evil tidings, and illness on il 1 CONC lness, and all evil judgments such as these, one with anoth 1 CONC er, illness and overthrow, and snow and frost and ice, an 1 CONC d fever, and chills, and torpor, and famine, and death, an 1 CONC d sword, and captivity, and all kinds of calamities and 1 CONT 14 pains.' And all these shall come on an evil generation 1 CONC , which transgresses on the earth: their works 1 CONT 15 are uncleanness and fornication, and pollution and abomi 1 CONC nations. Then they shall say: 'The days of the forefather 1 CONC s were many (even), unto a thousand years, and were good; b 1 CONC ut behold, the days of our life, if a man has lived many, a 1 CONC re three score years and ten, and, if he is strong, four sc 1 CONC ore years, 1 CONT 16 and those evil, and there is no peace in the days of thi 1 CONC s evil generation.' And in that generation the sons shall c 1 CONC onvict their fathers and their elders of sin and unrighteou 1 CONC sness, and of the words of their mouth and the great wicked 1 CONC nesses which they perpetrate, and concerning their forsakin 1 CONC g the covenant which the Lord made between them and Him, th 1 CONC at they should observe and do all His commandments and Hi 1 CONC s ordinances and all His laws, without departing either t 1 CONC o the right hand or the left. 1 CONT 17 For all have done evil, and every mouth speaks iniquit 1 CONC y and all their works are an uncleanness and 1 CONT 18 an abomination, and all their ways are pollution, unclea 1 CONC nness and destruction. Behold the earth shall be destroye 1 CONC d on account of all their works, and there shall be no see 1 CONC d of the vine, and no oil; for their works are altogether f 1 CONC aithless, and they shall all perish together, beasts and ca 1 CONC ttle and birds, and 1 CONT 19 all the fish of the sea, on account of the children of m 1 CONC en. And they shall strive one with another, the young wit 1 CONC h the old, and the old with the young, the poor with the ri 1 CONC ch, the lowly with the great, and the beggar with the princ 1 CONC e, on account of the law and the covenant; for they have fo 1 CONC rgotten commandment, and covenant, and feasts, and months 1 CONC , and Sabbaths, and jubilees, and all judgments. 1 CONT 20 And they shall stand swords and war to turn them back in 1 CONC to the way; but they shall 1 CONT 21 not return until much blood has been shed on the earth 1 CONC , one by another. And those who have escaped shall not retu 1 CONC rn from their wickedness to the way of righteousness, but t 1 CONC hey shall all exalt themselves to deceit and wealth, that t 1 CONC hey may each take all that is his neighbour's, and they sha 1 CONC ll name the great name, but not in truth and not in righteo 1 CONC usness, and they shall defile the holy of 1 CONT 22 holies with their uncleanness and the corruption of thei 1 CONC r pollution. And a great punishment shall befall the deed 1 CONC s of this generation from the Lord, and He will give them o 1 CONC ver to the sword and to 1 CONT 23 judgment and to captivity, and to be plundered and devou 1 CONC red. And He will wake up against them the sinners of the Ge 1 CONC ntiles, who have neither mercy nor compassion, and who shal 1 CONC l respect the person of none, neither old nor young, nor an 1 CONC y one, for they are more wicked and strong to do evil tha 1 CONC n all the children of men. 1 CONT 1 CONT And they shall use violence against Israel and transgressio 1 CONC n against Jacob, 1 CONT And much blood shall be shed upon the earth, 1 CONT And there shall be none to gather and none to bury. 1 CONT 1 CONT 24 In those days they shall cry aloud, 1 CONT And call and pray that they may be saved from the hand of t 1 CONC he sinners, the Gentiles; 1 CONT But none shall be saved. 1 CONT 1 CONT 25 And the heads of the children shall be white with grey h 1 CONC air, 1 CONT And a child of three weeks shall appear old like a man of o 1 CONC ne hundred years, 1 CONT And their stature shall be destroyed by tribulation and opp 1 CONC ression. 1 CONT 1 CONT 26 And in those days the children shall begin to study th 1 CONC e laws, 1 CONT And to seek the commandments, 1 CONT And to return to the path of righteousness. 1 CONT 1 CONT 27 And the days shall begin to grow many and increase among 1 CONC st those children of men 1 CONT Till their days draw nigh to one thousand years. 1 CONT And to a greater number of years than (before) was the numb 1 CONC er of the days. 1 CONT 1 CONT 28 And there shall be no old man 1 CONT Nor one who is satisfied with his days, 1 CONT For all shall be (as) children and youths. 1 CONT 1 CONT 29 And all their days they shall complete and live in peac 1 CONC e and in joy, 1 CONT And there shall be no Satan nor any evil destroyer; 1 CONT For all their days shall be days of blessing and healing. 1 CONT 1 CONT 30 And at that time the Lord will heal His servants, 1 CONT And they shall rise up and see great peace, 1 CONT And drive out their adversaries. 1 CONT 1 CONT And the righteous shall see and be thankful, 1 CONT And rejoice with joy for ever and ever, 1 CONT And shall see all their judgments and all their curses on t 1 CONC heir enemies. 1 CONT 1 CONT 31 And their bones shall rest in the earth, 1 CONT And their spirits shall have much joy, 1 CONT And they shall know that it is the Lord who executes judgme 1 CONC nt, 1 CONT And shows mercy to hundreds and thousands and to all that l 1 CONC ove Him 1 CONT 1 CONT 32 And do thou, Moses, write down these words; for thus ar 1 CONC e they written, and they record (them) on the heavenly tabl 1 CONC ets for a testimony for the generations for ever. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 24] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And it came to pass after the death of Abraham, that th 1 CONC e Lord blessed Isaac his son, and he arose from Hebron an 1 CONC d went and dwelt at the Well of the Vision in the first yea 1 CONC r of the third week [2073 A.M.] 1 CONT 2 of this jubilee, seven years. And in the first year of th 1 CONC e fourth week a famine began in the land, [2080 A.M.] 1 CONT 3 besides the first famine, which had been in the days of A 1 CONC braham. And Jacob sod lentil pottage, and Esau came from th 1 CONC e field hungry. And he said to Jacob his brother: 'Give m 1 CONC e of this red pottage.' And Jacob said to him: 'Sell to m 1 CONC e thy [primogeniture, this] birthright and I will give 1 CONT 4 thee bread, and also some of this lentil pottage.' And Es 1 CONC au said in his heart: 'I shall die; of 1 CONT 5 what profit to me is this birthright? 'And he said to Jac 1 CONC ob: 'I give it to thee.' And Jacob said: 1 CONT 6 'Swear to me, this day,' and he sware unto him. And Jaco 1 CONC b gave his brother Esau bread and pottage, and he eat til 1 CONC l he was satisfied, and Esau despised his birthright; for t 1 CONC his reason was Esau's name 1 CONT 7 called Edom, on account of the red pottage which Jacob ga 1 CONC ve him for his birthright. And Jacob became 1 CONT 8 the elder, and Esau was brought down from his dignity. An 1 CONC d the famine was over the land, and Isaac departed to go do 1 CONC wn into Egypt in the second year of this week, and went t 1 CONC o the king of the Philis- 1 CONT 9 tines to Gerar, unto Abimelech. And the Lord appeared unt 1 CONC o him and said unto him: 'Go not down into Egypt; dwell i 1 CONC n the land that I shall tell thee of, and sojourn in this l 1 CONC and, and I will 1 CONT 10 be with thee and bless thee. For to thee and to thy see 1 CONC d will I give all this land, and I will establish My oath w 1 CONC hich I sware unto Abraham thy father, and I will multiply t 1 CONC hy seed as the 1 CONT 11 stars of heaven, and will give unto thy seed all this la 1 CONC nd. And in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be b 1 CONC lessed, because thy father obeyed My voice, and kept My cha 1 CONC rge and My commandments, and My laws, and My ordinances, an 1 CONC d My covenant; and now obey My voice and dwell in 1 CONT 12,13 this land.' And he dwelt in Gelar three weeks of year 1 CONC s. And Abimelech charged concerning him, [2080-2101 A.M.] a 1 CONC nd concerning all that was his, saying: 'Any man that shal 1 CONC l touch him or aught that is his shall 1 CONT 14 surely die.' And Isaac waxed strong among the Philistine 1 CONC s, and he got many possessions, oxen 1 CONT 15 and sheep and camels and asses and a great household. An 1 CONC d he sowed in the land of the Philistines and brought i 1 CONC n a hundred-fold, and Isaac became exceedingly great, and t 1 CONC he Philistines envied him. 1 CONT 16 Now all the wells which the servants of Abraham had du 1 CONC g during the life of Abraham, the Philistines 1 CONT 17 had stopped them after the death of Abraham, and fille 1 CONC d them with earth. And Abimelech said unto Isaac: 'Go fro 1 CONC m us, for thou art much mightier than we', and Isaac depart 1 CONC ed thence in 1 CONT 18 the first year of the seventh week, and sojourned in th 1 CONC e valleys of Gerar. And they digged again the wells of wate 1 CONC r which the servants of Abraham, his father, had digged, an 1 CONC d which the Philistines had closed after the death of Abrah 1 CONC am his father, and he called their names as Abraham his fat 1 CONC her 1 CONT 19 had named them. And the servants of Isaac dug a well i 1 CONC n the valley, and found living water, and the shepherds o 1 CONC f Gerar strove with the shepherds of Isaac, saying: 'The wa 1 CONC ter is ours'; and Isaac 1 CONT 20 called the name of the well 'Perversity', because they h 1 CONC ad been perverse with us. And they dug a second well, and t 1 CONC hey strove for that also, and he called its name 'Enmity' 1 CONC . And he arose from thence and they digged another well, an 1 CONC d for that they strove not, and he called the name of it 'R 1 CONC oom', and Isaac said: 'Now the Lord hath made room for us 1 CONC , and we have increased in the 1 CONT 21 land.' And he went up from thence to the Well of the Oat 1 CONC h in the first year of the first week in the [2108 A.M.] 1 CONT 22 forty-fourth jubilee. And the Lord appeared to him tha 1 CONC t night, on the new moon of the first month, and said unt 1 CONC o him: 'I am the God of Abraham thy father; fear not, fo 1 CONC r I am with thee, and shall bless thee and shall surely mul 1 CONC tiply thy seed as the sand of the earth, for the sake of Ab 1 CONC raham my 1 CONT 23 servant.' And he built an altar there, which Abraham hi 1 CONC s father had first built, and he called upon 1 CONT 24 the name of the Lord, and he offered sacrifice to the Go 1 CONC d of Abraham his father. And they digged 1 CONT 25 a well and they found living water. And the servants o 1 CONC f Isaac digged another well and did not find water, and the 1 CONC y went and told Isaac that they had not found water, and Is 1 CONC aac said: 'I have sworn 1 CONT 26 this day to the Philistines and this thing has been anno 1 CONC unced to us.' And he called the name of that place the Wel 1 CONC l of the Oath; for there he had sworn to Abimelech and Ahuz 1 CONC zath his friend and 1 CONT 27 Phicol the prefect Or his host. And Isaac knew that da 1 CONC y that under constraint he had sworn to them 1 CONT 28 to make peace with them. And Isaac on that day cursed th 1 CONC e Philistines and said: 'Cursed be the Philistines unto th 1 CONC e day of wrath and indignation from the midst of all nation 1 CONC s; may God make them a derision and a curse and an object o 1 CONC f wrath and indignation in the hands of the sinners the 1 CONT 29 Gentiles and in the hands of the Kittim. And whoever esc 1 CONC apes the sword of the enemy and the Kittim, may the righteo 1 CONC us nation root out in judgment from under heaven; for the 1 CONC y shall be the enemies and foes of my children throughout t 1 CONC heir generations upon the earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT 30 And no remnant shall be left to them, 1 CONT Nor one that shall be saved on the day of the wrath of judg 1 CONC ment; 1 CONT For destruction and rooting out and expulsion from the eart 1 CONC h is the whole seed of the Philistines (reserved), 1 CONT And there shall no longer be left for these Caphtorim a nam 1 CONC e or a seed on the earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT 31 For though he ascend unto heaven, 1 CONT Thence shall he be brought down, 1 CONT 1 CONT And though he make himself strong on earth, 1 CONT Thence shall he be dragged forth, 1 CONT 1 CONT And though he hide himself amongst the nations, 1 CONT Even from thence shall he be rooted out; 1 CONT 1 CONT And though he descend into Sheol, 1 CONT There also shall his condemnation be great, 1 CONT And there also he shall have no peace. 1 CONT 32 And if he go into captivity, 1 CONT By the hands of those that seek his life shall they slay hi 1 CONC m on the way, 1 CONT And neither name nor seed shall be left to him on all the e 1 CONC arth; 1 CONT For into eternal malediction shall he depart.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 33 And thus is it written and engraved concerning him on th 1 CONC e heavenly tablets, to do unto him on the day of judgment 1 CONC , so that he may be rooted out of the earth. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 25] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the second year of this week in this jubilee, Rebe 1 CONC cca called Jacob her son, and spake unto [2109 A.M.] him, s 1 CONC aying: 'My son, do not take thee a wife of the daughters o 1 CONC f Canaan, as Esau, thy brother, who took him two wives of t 1 CONC he daughters of Canaan, and they have embittered my soul wi 1 CONC th all their unclean deeds: for all their deeds are fornica 1 CONC tion and lust, and there is no righteousness with them, 1 CONT 2 for (their deeds) are evil. And I, my son, love thee exce 1 CONC edingly, and my heart and my affection 1 CONT 3 bless thee every hour of the day and watch of the night 1 CONC . And now, my son, hearken to my voice, and do the will o 1 CONC f thy mother, and do not take thee a wife of the daughter 1 CONC s of this land, but only of the house of my father, and o 1 CONC f my father's kindred. Thou shalt take thee a wife of the h 1 CONC ouse of my father, and the Most High God will bless thee, a 1 CONC nd thy children shall be a righteous generation and 1 CONT 4 a holy seed.' And then spake Jacob to Rebecca, his mother 1 CONC , and said unto her: 'Behold, mother, I am nine weeks of ye 1 CONC ars old, and I neither know nor have I touched any woman, n 1 CONC or have I betrothed 1 CONT 5 myself to any, nor even think of taking me a wife of th 1 CONC e daughters of Canaan. For I remember, mother, the words o 1 CONC f Abraham, our father, for he commanded me not to take a wi 1 CONC fe of the daughters 1 CONT 6 of Canaan, but to take me a wife from the seed of my fath 1 CONC er's house and from my kindred. I have heard before that da 1 CONC ughters have been born to Laban, thy brother, and I have se 1 CONC t my heart on them 1 CONT 7 to take a wife from amongst them. And for this reason I h 1 CONC ave guarded myself in my spirit against sinning or being co 1 CONC rrupted in all my ways throughout all the days of my life 1 CONC ; for with regard to lust 1 CONT 8 and fornication, Abraham, my father, gave me many command 1 CONC s. And, despite all that he has commanded me, these two an 1 CONC d twenty years my brother has striven with me, and spoken f 1 CONC requently to me and said: 'My brother, take to wife a siste 1 CONC r of my two wives'; but I refuse to do as he has done. 1 CONT 9 I swear before thee, mother, that all the days of my lif 1 CONC e I will not take me a wife from the daughters 1 CONT 10 of the seed of Canaan, and I will not act wickedly as m 1 CONC y brother has done. Fear not, mother; be 1 CONT 11 assured that I shall do thy will and walk in uprightness 1 CONC , and not corrupt my ways for ever.' And thereupon she lift 1 CONC ed up her face to heaven and extended the fingers of her ha 1 CONC nds, and opened her mouth and blessed the Most High God, wh 1 CONC o had created the heaven and the earth, and she gave Him 1 CONT 12 thanks and praise. And she said: 'Blessed be the Lord Go 1 CONC d, and may His holy name be blessed for ever and ever, wh 1 CONC o has given me Jacob as a pure son and a holy seed; for h 1 CONC e is Thine, and Thine 1 CONT 13 shall his seed be continually and throughout all the gen 1 CONC erations for evermore. Bless him, O Lord, 1 CONT 14 and place in my mouth the blessing of righteousness, tha 1 CONC t I may bless him.' And at that hour, when the spirit of ri 1 CONC ghteousness descended into her mouth, she placed both her h 1 CONC ands on the head of Jacob, and said: 1 CONT 1 CONT 15 Blessed art thou, Lord of righteousness and God of the a 1 CONC ges 1 CONT And may He bless thee beyond all the generations of men. 1 CONT 1 CONT May He give thee, my Son, the path of righteousness, 1 CONT And reveal righteousness to thy seed. 1 CONT 1 CONT 16 And may He make thy sons many during thy life, 1 CONT And may they arise according to the number of the months o 1 CONC f the year. 1 CONT And may their sons become many and great beyond the stars o 1 CONC f heaven, 1 CONT And their numbers be more than the sand of the sea. 1 CONT 1 CONT 17 And may He give them this goodly land -as He said He wou 1 CONC ld give it to Abraham and to his seed after him alway- 1 CONT And may they hold it as a possession for ever. 1 CONT 1 CONT 18 And may I see (born) unto thee, my son, blessed childre 1 CONC n during my life, 1 CONT And a blessed and holy seed may all thy seed be. 1 CONT 1 CONT 19 And as thou hast refreshed thy mother's spirit during he 1 CONC r life, 1 CONT The womb of her that bare thee blesses thee thus, 1 CONT 1 CONT [My affection] and my breasts bless thee 1 CONT And my mouth and my tongue praise thee greatly. 1 CONT 1 CONT 20 Increase and spread over the earth, 1 CONT And may thy seed be perfect in the joy of heaven and eart 1 CONC h for ever; 1 CONT 1 CONT And may thy seed rejoice, 1 CONT And on the great day of peace may it have peace. 1 CONT 1 CONT 21 And may thy name and thy seed endure to all the ages, 1 CONT And may the Most High God be their God, 1 CONT 1 CONT And may the God of righteousness dwell with them, 1 CONT And by them may His sanctuary be built unto all the ages. 1 CONT 1 CONT 22 Blessed be he that blesseth thee, 1 CONT And all flesh that curseth thee falsely, may it be cursed.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 23 And she kissed him, and said to him; 1 CONT 'May the Lord of the world love thee 1 CONT As the heart of thy mother and her affection rejoice in the 1 CONC e and bless thee.' 1 CONT And she ceased from blessing. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 26] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the seventh year of this week Isaac called Esau, h 1 CONC is elder Son, and said unto him: ' I am [2114 A.M.] 1 CONT 2 old, my son, and behold my eyes are dim in seeing, an 1 CONC d I know not the day of my death. And now take thy huntin 1 CONC g weapons thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field 1 CONC , and hunt and catch me (venison), my son, and make me savo 1 CONC ury meat, such as my soul loveth, and bring it to me tha 1 CONC t I may 1 CONT 3 eat, and that my soul may bless thee before I die.' But R 1 CONC ebecca heard Isaac speaking to Esau. 1 CONT 4,5 And Esau went forth early to the field to hunt and catc 1 CONC h and bring home to his father. And Rebecca called Jacob, h 1 CONC er son, and said unto him: 'Behold, I heard Isaac, thy fath 1 CONC er, speak unto Esau, thy brother, saying: "Hunt for me, an 1 CONC d make me savoury meat, and bring (it) to me that 1 CONT 6 I may eat and bless thee before the Lord before I die." A 1 CONC nd now, my son, obey my voice in that which I command thee 1 CONC : Go to thy flock and fetch me two good kids of the goats 1 CONC , and I will make them savoury meat for thy father, such a 1 CONC s he loves, and thou shalt bring (it) to thy father that he 1 CONT 7 may eat and bless thee before the Lord before he die, an 1 CONC d that thou mayst be blessed.' And Jacob said to Rebecca hi 1 CONC s mother: 'Mother, I shall not withhold anything which my f 1 CONC ather would eat, and which would please him: only I fear, m 1 CONC y mother, that he will recognise my voice and wish to touch 1 CONT 8 me. And thou knowest that I am smooth, and Esau, my broth 1 CONC er, is hairy, and I shall appear before his eyes as an evil 1 CONC doer, and shall do a deed which he had not commanded me, an 1 CONC d he will be 1 CONT 9 wroth with me, and I shall bring upon myself a curse, an 1 CONC d not a blessing.' And Rebecca, his 1 CONT 10 mother, said unto him: 'Upon me be thy curse, my son, on 1 CONC ly obey my voice.' And Jacob obeyed the voice of Rebecca, h 1 CONC is mother, and went and fetched two good and fat kids of th 1 CONC e goats, and 1 CONT 11 brought them to his mother, and his mother made them ~sa 1 CONC voury meat~ such as he loved. And Rebecca took the goodly r 1 CONC ainment of Esau, her elder son, which was with her in the h 1 CONC ouse, and she clothed Jacob, her younger son, (with them) 1 CONC , and she put the skins of the kids upon his hands and on 1 CONT 12 the exposed parts of his neck. And she gave the meat an 1 CONC d the bread which she had prepared into 1 CONT 13 the hand of her son Jacob. And Jacob went in to his fath 1 CONC er and said: 'I am thy son: I have done according as thou b 1 CONC adest me: arise and sit and eat of that which I have caught 1 CONC , father, that thy soul 1 CONT 14,15 may bless me.' And Isaac said to his son: 'How hast t 1 CONC hou found so quickly, my son? 'And Jacob 1 CONT 16 said: 'Because (the Lord thy God caused me to find.' An 1 CONC d Isaac said unto him: Come near, that 1 CONT 17 I may feel thee, my son, if thou art my son Esau or not. 1 CONC ' And Jacob went near to Isaac, his father, 1 CONT 18 and he felt him and said: 'The voice is Jacob's voice, b 1 CONC ut the hands are the hands of Esau,' and he discerned him n 1 CONC ot, because it was a dispensation from heaven to remove hi 1 CONC s power of perception and 1 CONT 19 Isaac discerned not, for his hands were hairy as his bro 1 CONC ther Esau's, so that he blessed him. And he said: 'Art tho 1 CONC u my son Esau? ' and he said: 'I am thy son': and he said 1 CONC , 'Bring near to me that 1 CONT 20 I may eat of that which thou hast caught, my son, that m 1 CONC y soul may bless thee.' And he brought 1 CONT 21 near to him, and he did eat, and he brought him wine an 1 CONC d he drank. And Isaac, his father, said unto 1 CONT 22 him: 'Come near and kiss me, my son. And he came near an 1 CONC d kissed him. And he smelled the smell of his raiment, an 1 CONC d he blessed him and said: 'Behold, the smell of my son i 1 CONC s as the smell of a (full) field which the Lord hath blesse 1 CONC d. 1 CONT 1 CONT 23 And may the Lord give thee of the dew of heaven 1 CONT And of the dew of the earth, and plenty of corn and oil: 1 CONT 1 CONT Let nations serve thee, 1 CONT And peoples bow down to thee. 1 CONT 1 CONT 24 Be lord over thy brethren, 1 CONT And let thy mother's sons bow down to thee; 1 CONT 1 CONT And may all the blessings wherewith the Lord hath blessed m 1 CONC e and blessed Abraham, my father; 1 CONT Be imparted to thee and to thy seed for ever: 1 CONT 1 CONT Cursed be he that curseth thee, 1 CONT And blessed be he that blesseth thee.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 25 And it came to pass as soon as Isaac had made an end o 1 CONC f blessing his son Jacob, and Jacob had gone 1 CONT 26 forth from Isaac his father he hid himself and Esau, hi 1 CONC s brother, came in from his hunting. And he also made savou 1 CONC ry meat, and brought (it) to his father, and said unto hi 1 CONC s father: 'Let my father 1 CONT 27 arise, and eat of my venison that thy soul may bless me. 1 CONC ' And Isaac, his father, said unto him: 'Who art thou? 'An 1 CONC d he said unto him: 'I am thy first born, thy son Esau: I h 1 CONC ave done as thou hast 1 CONT 28 commanded me.' And Isaac was very greatly astonished, an 1 CONC d said: 'Who is he that hath hunted and caught and brough 1 CONC t (it) to me, and I have eaten of all before thou camest, a 1 CONC nd have blessed him: 1 CONT 29 (and) he shall be blessed, and all his seed for ever.' A 1 CONC nd it came to pass when Esau heard the words of his fathe 1 CONC r Isaac that he cried with an exceeding great and bitter cr 1 CONC y, and said unto his father: 1 CONT 30 'Bless me, (even) me also, father.' And he said unto him 1 CONC : 'Thy brother came with guile, and hath taken away thy ble 1 CONC ssing.' And he said: 'Now I know why his name is named Jaco 1 CONC b: behold, he hath supplanted me these two times: he took a 1 CONC way my birth-right, and now he hath taken away 1 CONT 31 my blessing.' And he said: 'Hast thou not reserved a ble 1 CONC ssing for me, father?' and Isaac answered and said unto Esa 1 CONC u: 1 CONT 31 'Behold, I have made him thy lord, 1 CONT And all his brethren have I given to him for servants, 1 CONT And with plenty of corn and wine and oil have I strengthene 1 CONC d him: 1 CONT And what now shall I do for thee, my son?' 1 CONT 32 And Esau said to Isaac, his father: 1 CONT 'Hast thou but one blessing, O father? 1 CONT Bless me, (even) me also, father: ' 1 CONT 33 And Esau lifted up his voice and wept. 1 CONT And Isaac answered and said unto him: 1 CONT 'Behold, far from the dew of the earth shall be thy dwellin 1 CONC g, 1 CONT And far from the dew of heaven from above. 1 CONT 1 CONT 34 And by thy sword wilt thou live, 1 CONT And thou wilt serve thy brother. 1 CONT 1 CONT And it shall come to pass when thou becomest great, 1 CONT And dost shake his yoke from off thy neck, 1 CONT Thou shalt sin a complete sin unto death, 1 CONT And thy seed shall be rooted out from under heaven.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 35 And Esau kept threatening Jacob because of the blessin 1 CONC g wherewith his father blessed him, and he: said in his hea 1 CONC rt: 'May the days of mourning for my father now come, so th 1 CONC at I may slay my brother Jacob.' 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 27] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And the words of Esau, her elder son, were told to Rebecc 1 CONC a in a dream, and Rebecca sent and 1 CONT 2 called Jacob her younger son, and said unto him: 'Behol 1 CONC d Esau thy brother will take vengeance on 1 CONT 3 thee so as to kill thee. Now, therefore, my son, obey m 1 CONC y voice, and arise and flee thou to Laban, my brother, to H 1 CONC aran, and tarry with him a few days until thy brother's ang 1 CONC er turns away, and he remove his anger from thee, and forge 1 CONC t all that thou hast done; then I will send and fetch the 1 CONC e from 1 CONT 4,5 thence.' And Jacob said: 'I am not afraid; if he wishe 1 CONC s to kill me, I will kill him.' But she said 1 CONT 6 unto him: 'Let me not be bereft of both my sons on one da 1 CONC y.' And Jacob said to Rebecca his mother: 'Behold, thou kno 1 CONC west that my father has become old, and does not see becaus 1 CONC e his eyes are dull, and if I leave him it will be evil i 1 CONC n his eyes, because I leave him and go away from you, and m 1 CONC y father will be angry, and will curse me. I will not go; w 1 CONC hen he sends me, then only will I go.' 1 CONT 7,8 And Rebecca said to Jacob: 'I will go in and speak to h 1 CONC im, and he will send thee away.' And Rebecca went in and sa 1 CONC id to Isaac: 'I loathe my life because of the two daughter 1 CONC s of Heth, whom Esau has taken him as wives; and if Jacob t 1 CONC ake a wife from among the daughters of the land such 1 CONT 9 as these, for what purpose do I further live, for the dau 1 CONC ghters of Canaan are evil.' And Isaac called 1 CONT 10 Jacob and blessed him, and admonished him and said unt 1 CONC o him: 'Do not take thee a wife of any of the daughters o 1 CONC f Canaan; arise and go to Mesopotamia, to the house of Beth 1 CONC uel, thy mother's father, 1 CONT 11 and take thee a wife from thence of the daughters of Lab 1 CONC an, thy mother's brother. And God Almighty bless thee and i 1 CONC ncrease and multiply thee that thou mayest become a compan 1 CONC y of nations, and give thee the blessings of my father Abra 1 CONC ham, to thee and to thy seed after thee, that thou mayest i 1 CONC nherit the land of thy sojournings and all the land which G 1 CONC od gave to Abraham: go, my 1 CONT 12 son, in peace.' And Isaac sent Jacob away, and he went t 1 CONC o Mesopotamia, to Laban the son of 1 CONT 13 Bethuel the Syrian, the brother of Rebecca, Jacob's moth 1 CONC er. And it came to pass after Jacob had 1 CONT 14 arisen to go to Mesopotamia that the spirit of Rebecca w 1 CONC as grieved after her son, and she wept. And Isaac said to R 1 CONC ebecca: 'My sister, weep not on account of Jacob, my son; f 1 CONC or he goeth in peace, and 1 CONT 15 in peace will he return. The Most High God will preserv 1 CONC e him from all evil, and will be with him; 1 CONT 16 for He will not forsake him all his days; For I know tha 1 CONC t his ways will be prospered in all things 1 CONT 17 wherever he goes, until he return in peace to us, and w 1 CONC e see him in peace. Fear not on his account, my sister, fo 1 CONC r he is on the upright path and he is a perfect man: and h 1 CONC e is faithful and will not perish. 1 CONT 18,19 Weep not.' And Isaac comforted Rebecca on account o 1 CONC f her son Jacob, and blessed him. And Jacob went from the W 1 CONC ell of the Oath to go to Haran on the first year of the sec 1 CONC ond week in the forty-fourth jubilee, and he came to Luz o 1 CONC n the mountains, that is, Bethel, on the new moon of the fi 1 CONC rst month of this week, [2115 A.M.] and he came to the plac 1 CONC e at even and turned from the way to the west of the 1 CONT 20 road that night: and he slept there; for the sun had set 1 CONC . And he took one of the stones of that 1 CONT 21 place and laid under the tree, and he was journeying alo 1 CONC ne, and he slept. And he dreamt that night, and behold a la 1 CONC dder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heav 1 CONC en, and behold, the angels of the Lord ascended and descend 1 CONC ed on it: and behold, the Lord stood upon it. 1 CONT 22 And he spake to Jacob and said: 'I am the Lord God of Ab 1 CONC raham, thy father, and the God of 1 CONT 23 Isaac; the land whereon thou art sleeping, to thee wil 1 CONC l I give it, and to thy seed after thee. And thy seed shal 1 CONC l be as the dust of the earth, and thou shalt increase to t 1 CONC he west and to the east, to the 1 CONT 24 north and the south, and in thee and in thy seed shall a 1 CONC ll the families of the nations be blessed. And behold, I wi 1 CONC ll be with thee, and will keep thee whithersoever thou goes 1 CONC t, and I will bring thee again into this land in peace; fo 1 CONC r I will not leave thee until I do everything that I told t 1 CONC hee of.' 1 CONT 25 And Jacob awoke from his sleep, and said, 'Truly this pl 1 CONC ace is the house of the Lord, and I knew it not.' And he wa 1 CONC s afraid and said: 'Dreadful is this place which is none ot 1 CONC her than the house of 1 CONT 26 God, and this is the gate of heaven.' And Jacob arose ea 1 CONC rly in the morning, and took the stone which he had put und 1 CONC er his head and set it up as a pillar for a sign, and he po 1 CONC ured oil upon the top of it. And he called the name of tha 1 CONC t place Bethel; but the name of the place was Luz at the fi 1 CONC rst. 1 CONT 27 And Jacob vowed a vow unto the Lord, saying: 'If the Lor 1 CONC d will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go 1 CONC , and give me bread to eat and raiment to put on, so tha 1 CONC t I come again to my father's house in peace, then shall th 1 CONC e Lord be my God, and this stone which I have set up as a p 1 CONC illar for a sign in this place, shall be the Lord's house 1 CONC , and of all that thou givest me, I shall give the tenth t 1 CONC o thee, my God.' 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 28] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And he went on his journey, and came to the land of the e 1 CONC ast, to Laban, the brother of Rebecca, 1 CONT 2 and he was with him, and served him for Rachel his daught 1 CONC er one week. And in the first year of the third week [212 1 CONC 2 A.M.] he said unto him: 'Give me my wife, for whom I hav 1 CONC e served thee seven years '; and 1 CONT 3 Laban said unto Jacob: 'I will give thee thy wife.' And L 1 CONC aban made a feast, and took Leah his elder daughter, and ga 1 CONC ve (her) to Jacob as a wife, and gave her Zilpah his handma 1 CONC id for an hand- 1 CONT 4 maid; and Jacob did not know, for he thought that she wa 1 CONC s Rachel. And he went in unto her, and behold, she was Leah 1 CONC ; and Jacob was angry with Laban, and said unto him: 'Why h 1 CONC ast thou dealt thus with me? Did not I serve thee for Rache 1 CONC l and not for Leah? Why hast thou wronged me? 1 CONT 5 Take thy daughter, and I will go; for thou hast done evi 1 CONC l to me.' For Jacob loved Rachel more than Leah; for Leah' 1 CONC s eyes were weak, but her form was very handsome; but Rache 1 CONC l had beautiful 1 CONT 6 eyes and a beautiful and very handsome form. And Laban sa 1 CONC id to Jacob: 'It is not so done in our country, to give th 1 CONC e younger before the elder.' And it is not right to do this 1 CONC ; for thus it is ordained and written in the heavenly table 1 CONC ts, that no one should give his younger daughter before th 1 CONC e elder; but the elder, one gives first and after her the y 1 CONC ounger -and the man who does so, they set down guilt agains 1 CONC t him in heaven, and none is righteous that does this thing 1 CONC , for this deed is evil before the 1 CONT 7 Lord. And command thou the children of Israel that they d 1 CONC o not this thing; let them neither take 1 CONT 8 nor give the younger before they have given the elder, fo 1 CONC r it is very wicked. And Laban said to Jacob: 'Let the seve 1 CONC n days of the feast of this one pass by, and I shall give t 1 CONC hee Rachel, that thou mayst serve me another seven years, t 1 CONC hat thou mayst pasture my sheep as thou didst in the forme 1 CONC r week.' And on the day when the seven days of the feast o 1 CONC f Leah had passed, Laban gave Rachel to Jacob, that he migh 1 CONC t serve him another seven years, and he gave to Rachel Bilh 1 CONC ah, the sister of 1 CONT 10 Zilpah, as a handmaid. And he served yet other seven yea 1 CONC rs for Rachel, for Leah had been given 1 CONT 11 to him for nothing. And the Lord opened the womb of Leah 1 CONC , and she conceived and bare Jacob a son, and he called hi 1 CONC s name Reuben, on the fourteenth day of the ninth month, i 1 CONC n the first year of 1 CONT 12 the third week. [2122 A.M.] But the womb of Rachel was c 1 CONC losed, for the Lord saw that Leah was hated and 1 CONT 13 Rachel loved. And again Jacob went in unto Leah, and sh 1 CONC e conceived, and bare Jacob a second son, and he called hi 1 CONC s name Simeon, on the twenty-first of the tenth month, an 1 CONC d in the third year of this 1 CONT 14 week. [2124 A.M.] And again Jacob went in unto Leah, an 1 CONC d she conceived, and bare him a third son, and he 1 CONT 15 called his name Levi, in the new moon of the first mont 1 CONC h in the sixth year of this week. [2127 A.M.] And again Jac 1 CONC ob went in unto her, and she conceived, and bare him a four 1 CONC th son, and he called his name Judah, 1 CONT 16 on the fifteenth of the third month, in the first year o 1 CONC f the fourth week. [2129 A.M.] And on account of all this R 1 CONC achel envied Leah, for she did not bear, and she said to Ja 1 CONC cob: 'Give me children'; and Jacob 1 CONT 17 said: 'Have I withheld from thee the fruits of thy womb 1 CONC ? Have I forsaken thee?' And when Rachel saw that Leah ha 1 CONC d borne four sons to Jacob, Reuben and Simeon and Levi an 1 CONC d Judah, she said unto 1 CONT 18 him: 'Go in unto Bilhah my handmaid, and she will concei 1 CONC ve, and bear a son unto me.' (And she gave (him) Bilhah he 1 CONC r handmaid to wife). And he went in unto her, and she conce 1 CONC ived, and bare him a son, and he called his name Dan, on th 1 CONC e ninth of the sixth month, in the sixth year of the 1 CONT 19 third week. [2127 A.M.] And Jacob went in again unto Bil 1 CONC hah a second time, and she conceived, and bare Jacob anothe 1 CONC r son, and Rachel called his name Napthali, on the fifth o 1 CONC f the seventh month, in the 1 CONT 20 second year of the fourth week. [2130 A.M.] And when Lea 1 CONC h saw that she had become sterile and did not bear, she env 1 CONC ied Rachel, and she also gave her handmaid Zilpah to Jaco 1 CONC b to wife, and she conceived, and bare a son, and Leah call 1 CONC ed his name Gad, on the twelfth of the eighth month, in th 1 CONC e third year of 1 CONT 21 the fourth week. [2131 A.M.] And he went in again unto h 1 CONC er, and she conceived, and bare him a second son, and Lea 1 CONC h called his name Asher, on the second of the eleventh mont 1 CONC h, in the fifth year of the fourth 1 CONT 22 week. [2133 A.M.] And Jacob went in unto Leah, and she c 1 CONC onceived, and bare a son, and she called his name Issachar 1 CONC , on the fourth of the fifth month, in the fourth year of t 1 CONC he fourth week,[2132 A.M.] and she gave him 1 CONT 23 to a nurse. And Jacob went in again unto her, and she co 1 CONC nceived, and bare two (children), a son and a daughter, an 1 CONC d she called the name of the son Zabulon, and the name of t 1 CONC he daughter Dinah, 1 CONT 24 in the seventh of the seventh month, in the sixth year o 1 CONC f the fourth week. [2134 A.M.] And the Lord was gracious t 1 CONC o Rachel, and opened her womb, and she conceived, and bar 1 CONC e a son, and she called his 1 CONT 25 name Joseph, on the new moon of the fourth month, in th 1 CONC e sixth year in this fourth week. [2134 A.M.] And in the da 1 CONC ys when Joseph was born, Jacob said to Laban: 'Give me my w 1 CONC ives and sons, and let me go to my father Isaac, and let m 1 CONC e make me an house; for I have completed the years in whic 1 CONC h I 1 CONT 26 have served thee for thy two daughters, and I will go t 1 CONC o the house of my father.' And Laban said to Jacob: 'Tarr 1 CONC y with me for thy wages, and pasture my flock for me again 1 CONC , and take thy wages.' 1 CONT 27 And they agreed with one another that he should give hi 1 CONC m as his wages those of the lambs and kids 1 CONT 28 which were born black and spotted and white, (these) wer 1 CONC e to be his wages. And all the sheep brought forth spotte 1 CONC d and speckled and black, variously marked, and they brough 1 CONC t forth again lambs like themselves, and all that were spot 1 CONC ted were Jacob's and those which were not were 1 CONT 29 Laban's. And Jacob's possessions multiplied exceedingly 1 CONC , and he possessed oxen and sheep and 1 CONT 30 asses and camels, and menservants and maid-servants. An 1 CONC d Laban and his sons envied Jacob, and Laban took back hi 1 CONC s sheep from him, and he observed him with evil intent. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 29] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And it came to pass when Rachel had borne Joseph, that La 1 CONC ban went to shear his sheep; for they 1 CONT 2 were distant from him a three days' journey. And Jacob sa 1 CONC w that Laban was going to shear his sheep, and Jacob calle 1 CONC d Leah and Rachel, and spake kindly unto them that they sho 1 CONC uld come with 1 CONT 3 him to the land of Canaan. For he told them how he had se 1 CONC en everything in a dream, even all that He had spoken unt 1 CONC o him that he should return to his father's house, and the 1 CONC y said: 'To every place 1 CONT 4 whither thou goest we will go with thee.' And Jacob bless 1 CONC ed the God of Isaac his father, and the God of Abraham hi 1 CONC s father's father, and he arose and mounted his wives and h 1 CONC is children, and took all his possessions and crossed the r 1 CONC iver, and came to the land of Gilead, and Jacob hid his int 1 CONC ention 1 CONT 5 from Laban and told him not. And in the seventh year of t 1 CONC he fourth week Jacob turned (his face) toward Gilead in th 1 CONC e first month, on the twenty-first thereof. [2135 A.M.] An 1 CONC d Laban pursued after him and 1 CONT 6 overtook Jacob in the mountain of Gilead in the third mon 1 CONC th, on the thirteenth thereof. And the Lord did not suffe 1 CONC r him to injure Jacob; for he appeared to him in a dream b 1 CONC y night. And Laban 1 CONT 7 spake to Jacob. And on the fifteenth of those days Jaco 1 CONC b made a feast for Laban, and for all who came with him, an 1 CONC d Jacob sware to Laban that day, and Laban also to Jacob, t 1 CONC hat neither should 1 CONT 8 cross the mountain of Gilead to the other with evil purpo 1 CONC se. And he made there a heap for 1 CONT 9 a witness; wherefore the name of that place is called: 'T 1 CONC he Heap of Witness,' after this heap. But before they use 1 CONC d to call the land of Gilead the land of the Rephaim; for i 1 CONC t was the land of the Rephaim, and the Rephaim were born (t 1 CONC here), giants whose height was ten, nine, eight down to 1 CONT 10 seven cubits. And their habitation was from the land o 1 CONC f the children of Ammon to Mount Hermon, 1 CONT 11 and the seats of their kingdom were Karnaim and Ashtarot 1 CONC h, and Edrei, and Misur, and Beon. And the Lord destroyed t 1 CONC hem because of the evil of their deeds; for they were ver 1 CONC y malignant, and the Amorites dwelt in their stead, wicke 1 CONC d and sinful, and there is no people to-day which has wroug 1 CONC ht 1 CONT 12 to the full all their sins, and they have no longer leng 1 CONC th of life on the earth. And Jacob sent away Laban, and h 1 CONC e departed into Mesopotamia, the land of the East, and Jaco 1 CONC b returned to the land of 1 CONT 13 Gilead. And he passed over the Jabbok in the ninth month 1 CONC , on the eleventh thereof. And on that day Esau, his brothe 1 CONC r, came to him, and he was reconciled to him, and departe 1 CONC d from him unto 1 CONT 14 the land of Seir, but Jacob dwelt in tents. And in the f 1 CONC irst year of the fifth week in this jubilee [2136 A.M.] h 1 CONC e crossed the Jordan, and dwelt beyond the Jordan, and he p 1 CONC astured his sheep from the sea of the 1 CONT 15 heap unto Bethshan, and unto Dothan and unto the fores 1 CONC t of Akrabbim. And he sent to his father Isaac of all his s 1 CONC ubstance, clothing, and food, and meat, and drink, and milk 1 CONC , and butter, and 1 CONT 16 cheese, and some dates of the valley. And to his mothe 1 CONC r Rebecca also four times a year, between the times of th 1 CONC e months, between ploughing and reaping, and between autum 1 CONC n and the rain (season) 1 CONT 17 and between winter and spring, to the tower of Abraham 1 CONC . For Isaac had returned from the Well of the Oath and gon 1 CONC e up to the tower of his father Abraham, and he dwelt ther 1 CONC e apart from his son 1 CONT 18 Esau. For in the days when Jacob went to Mesopotamia, Es 1 CONC au took to himself a wife Mahalath, the daughter of Ishmael 1 CONC , and he gathered together all the flocks of his father an 1 CONC d his wives, and went 1 CONT 19 Up and dwelt on Mount Seir, and left Isaac his father a 1 CONC t the Well of the Oath alone. And Isaac went up from the We 1 CONC ll of the Oath and dwelt in the tower of Abraham his fathe 1 CONC r on the mountains 1 CONT 20 of Hebron, And thither Jacob sent all that he did send t 1 CONC o his father and his mother from time to time, all they nee 1 CONC ded, and they blessed Jacob with all their heart and with a 1 CONC ll their soul. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 30] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the first year of the sixth week [2143 A.M.] he we 1 CONC nt up to Salem, to the east of Shechem, in peace, in 1 CONT 2 the fourth month. And there they carried off Dinah, the d 1 CONC aughter of Jacob, into the house of Shechem, the son of Ham 1 CONC or, the Hivite, the prince of the land, and he lay with he 1 CONC r and defiled her, 1 CONT 3 and she was a little girl, a child of twelve years. And h 1 CONC e besought his father and her brothers that she might be gi 1 CONC ven to him to wife. And Jacob and his sons were wroth becau 1 CONC se of the men of Shechem; for they had defiled Dinah, thei 1 CONC r sister, and they spake to them with evil intent and dealt 1 CONT 4 deceitfully with them and beguiled them. And Simeon and L 1 CONC evi came unexpectedly to Shechem and executed judgment on a 1 CONC ll the men of Shechem, and slew all the men whom they foun 1 CONC d in it, and left not a single one remaining in it: they sl 1 CONC ew all in torments because they had dishonoured 1 CONT 5 their sister Dinah. And thus let it not again be done fro 1 CONC m henceforth that a daughter of Israel be defiled; for judg 1 CONC ment is ordained in heaven against them that they should de 1 CONC stroy with the sword 1 CONT 6 all the men of the Shechemites because they had wrought s 1 CONC hame in Israel. And the Lord delivered them into the hand 1 CONC s of the sons of Jacob that they might exterminate them wit 1 CONC h the sword and execute judgment upon them, and that it mig 1 CONC ht not thus again be done in Israel that a virgin of 1 CONT 7 Israel should be defiled. And if there is any man who wis 1 CONC hes in Israel to give his daughter or his sister to any ma 1 CONC n who is of the seed of the Gentiles he shall surely die, a 1 CONC nd they shall stone him with stones; for he hath wrought sh 1 CONC ame in Israel; and they shall burn the woman with fire, bec 1 CONC ause 1 CONT 8 she has dishonoured the name of the house of her father 1 CONC , and she shall be rooted out of Israel. And let not an adu 1 CONC lteress and no uncleanness be found in Israel throughout al 1 CONC l the days of the generations of the earth; for Israel is h 1 CONC oly unto the Lord, and every man who has defiled (it) shal 1 CONC l surely die: 1 CONT 9 they shall stone him with stones. For thus has it been or 1 CONC dained and written in the heavenly tablets regarding all th 1 CONC e seed of Israel: he who defileth (it) shall surely die, an 1 CONC d he shall be stoned with 1 CONT 10 stones. And to this law there is no limit of days, and n 1 CONC o remission, nor any atonement: but the man who has defile 1 CONC d his daughter shall be rooted out in the midst of all Isra 1 CONC el, because he has given 1 CONT 11 of his seed to Moloch, and wrought impiously so as to de 1 CONC file it. And do thou, Moses, command the children of Israe 1 CONC l and exhort them not to give their daughters to the Gentil 1 CONC es, and not to take for 1 CONT 12 their sons any of the daughters of the Gentiles, for thi 1 CONC s is abominable before the Lord. For this reason I have wri 1 CONC tten for thee in the words of the Law all the deeds of th 1 CONC e Shechemites, which they wrought against Dinah, and how th 1 CONC e sons of Jacob spake, saying: 'We will not give our daught 1 CONC er 1 CONT 13 to a man who is uncircumcised; for that were a reproac 1 CONC h unto us.' And it is a reproach to Israel, to those who li 1 CONC ve, and to those that take the daughters of the Gentiles; f 1 CONC or this is unclean and 1 CONT 14 abominable to Israel. And Israel will not be free from t 1 CONC his uncleanness if it has a wife of the daughters of the Ge 1 CONC ntiles, or has given any of its daughters to a man who is o 1 CONC f any of the Gentiles. 1 CONT 15 For there will be plague upon plague, and curse upon cur 1 CONC se, and every judgment and plague and curse will come : i 1 CONC f he do this thing, or hide his eyes from those who commi 1 CONC t uncleanness, or those who defile the sanctuary of the Lor 1 CONC d, or those who profane His holy name, (then) will the 1 CONT 16 whole nation together be judged for all the uncleannes 1 CONC s and profanation of this man. And there will be no respec 1 CONC t of persons [and no consideration of persons] and no recei 1 CONC ving at his hands of fruits and offerings and burnt-offerin 1 CONC gs and fat, nor the fragrance of sweet savour, so as to acc 1 CONC ept it: and 1 CONT 17 so fare every man or woman in Israel who defiles the san 1 CONC ctuary. For this reason I have commanded thee, saying: 'Tes 1 CONC tify this testimony to Israel: see how the Shechemites fare 1 CONC d and their sons: how they were delivered into the hands o 1 CONC f two sons of Jacob, and they slew them under tortures, an 1 CONC d it 1 CONT 18 was (reckoned) unto them for righteousness, and it is wr 1 CONC itten down to them for righteousness. And the seed of Lev 1 CONC i was chosen for the priesthood, and to be Levites, that th 1 CONC ey might minister before the Lord, as we, continually, an 1 CONC d that Levi and his sons may be blessed for ever; for he wa 1 CONC s zealous 1 CONT 19 to execute righteousness and judgment and vengeance on a 1 CONC ll those who arose against Israel. And so they inscribe a 1 CONC s a testimony in his favour on the heavenly tablets blessin 1 CONC g and righteousness before 1 CONT 20 the God of all: And we remember the righteousness whic 1 CONC h the man fulfilled during his life, at all periods of th 1 CONC e year; until a thousand generations they will record it, a 1 CONC nd it will come to him and to his descendants after him, an 1 CONC d he has been recorded on the heavenly tablets as a frien 1 CONC d and a righteous 1 CONT 21 man. All this account I have written for thee, and hav 1 CONC e commanded thee to say to the children of Israel, that the 1 CONC y should not commit sin nor transgress the ordinances nor b 1 CONC reak the covenant which 1 CONT 22 has been ordained for them, (but) that they should fulfi 1 CONC l it and be recorded as friends. But if they transgress an 1 CONC d work uncleanness in every way, they will be recorded on t 1 CONC he heavenly tablets as adversaries, and they will be destro 1 CONC yed out of the book of life, and they will be recorded in t 1 CONC he book of 1 CONT 23 those who will be destroyed and with those who will be r 1 CONC ooted out of the earth. And on the day when the sons of Jac 1 CONC ob slew Shechem a writing was recorded in their favour in h 1 CONC eaven that they had executed righteousness and uprightnes 1 CONC s and vengeance on the sinners, and it was written for a bl 1 CONC essing. 1 CONT 24 And they brought Dinah, their sister, out of the house o 1 CONC f Shechem, and they took captive everything that was in She 1 CONC chem, their sheep and their oxen and their asses, and all t 1 CONC heir wealth, and all their 1 CONT 25 flocks, and brought them all to Jacob their father. An 1 CONC d he reproached them because they had put the city to the s 1 CONC word for he feared those who dwelt in the land, the Canaani 1 CONC tes and the Perizzites. 1 CONT 26 And the dread of the Lord was upon all the cities whic 1 CONC h are around about Shechem, and they did not rise to pursu 1 CONC e after the sons of Jacob; for terror had fallen upon them. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 31] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And on the new moon of the month Jacob spake to all the p 1 CONC eople of his house. saying: 'Purify yourselves and change y 1 CONC our garments, and let us arise and go up to Bethel, wher 1 CONC e I vowed a vow to Him on the day when I fled from the fac 1 CONC e of Esau my brother, because he has been with me and 1 CONT 2 brought me into this land in peace, and put ye away the s 1 CONC trange gods that arc among you.' And they gave up the stran 1 CONC ge gods and that which was in their ears and which was on t 1 CONC heir necks and the idols which Rachel stole from Laban he 1 CONC r father she gave wholly to Jacob. And he burnt and brake t 1 CONC hem to pieces and destroyed them, and hid them under an oa 1 CONC k which is in the land of 1 CONT 3 Shechem. And he went up on the new moon of the seventh mo 1 CONC nth to Bethel. And he built an altar at the place where h 1 CONC e had slept, and he set up a pillar there, and he sent wor 1 CONC d to his father 1 CONT 4 Isaac to come to him to his sacrifice, and to his mothe 1 CONC r Rebecca. And Isaac said: 'Let my son 1 CONT 5 Jacob come, and let me see him before I die.' And Jacob w 1 CONC ent to his father Isaac and to his mother Rebecca, to the h 1 CONC ouse of his father Abraham, and he took two of his sons wit 1 CONC h him, Levi and Judah, and he came to his father Isaac an 1 CONC d to his mother Rebecca. 1 CONT 6 And Rebecca came forth from the tower to the front of i 1 CONC t to kiss Jacob and embrace him; for her spirit had revive 1 CONC d when she heard: 'Behold Jacob thy son has come'; and sh 1 CONC e kissed 1 CONT 7 him. And she saw his two sons, and she recognised them, a 1 CONC nd said unto him: 'Are these thy sons, my son?' and she emb 1 CONC raced them and kissed them, and blessed them, saying: 'In y 1 CONC ou shall the 1 CONT 8 seed of Abraham become illustrious, and ye shall prov 1 CONC e a blessing on the earth.' And Jacob went in to Isaac hi 1 CONC s father, to the chamber where he lay, and his two sons wer 1 CONC e with him, and he took the hand of his father, and stoopin 1 CONC g down he kissed him, and Isaac clung to the neck of Jaco 1 CONC b his son, 1 CONT 9 and wept upon his neck. And the darkness left the eyes o 1 CONC f Isaac, and he saw the two sons of Jacob, 1 CONT 10 Levi, and Judah, and he said: 'Are these thy sons, my so 1 CONC n? for they are like thee.' And he said unto him that the 1 CONC y were truly his sons: 'And thou hast truly seen that the 1 CONC y are truly my sons'. 1 CONT 11 And they came near to him, and he turned and kissed the 1 CONC m and embraced them both together. 1 CONT 12 And the spirit of prophecy came down into his mouth, an 1 CONC d he took Levi by his right hand and 1 CONT 13 Judah by his left. And he turned to Levi first, and bega 1 CONC n to bless him first, and said unto him: 1 CONT May the God of all, the very Lord of all the ages, bless th 1 CONC ee and thy children throughout all the 1 CONT 14 ages. And may the Lord give to thee and to thy seed grea 1 CONC tness and great glory, and cause thee and thy seed, from am 1 CONC ong all flesh, to approach Him to serve in His sanctuary a 1 CONC s the angels of the presence and as the holy ones. (Even) a 1 CONC s they, shall the seed of thy sons be for glory and greatne 1 CONC ss 1 CONT 15 and holiness, and may He make them great unto all the ag 1 CONC es. And they shall be judges and princes, and chiefs of al 1 CONC l the seed of the sons of Jacob; 1 CONT 1 CONT They shall speak the word of the Lord in righteousness, 1 CONT And they shall judge all His judgments in righteousness. 1 CONT 1 CONT And they shall declare My ways to Jacob 1 CONT And My paths to Israel. 1 CONT 1 CONT The blessing of the Lord shall be given in their mouths 1 CONT To bless all the seed of the beloved. 1 CONT 1 CONT 16 Thy mother has called thy name Levi, 1 CONT And justly has she called thy name; 1 CONT 1 CONT Thou shalt be joined to the Lord 1 CONT And be the companion of all the sons of Jacob; 1 CONT 1 CONT Let His table be thine, 1 CONT And do thou and thy sons eat thereof; 1 CONT 1 CONT And may thy table be full unto all generations, 1 CONT And thy food fail not unto all the ages. 1 CONT 1 CONT 17 And let all who hate thee fall down before thee, 1 CONT And let all thy adversaries be rooted out and perish; 1 CONT 1 CONT And blessed be he that blesses thee, 1 CONT And cursed be every nation that curses thee.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 18 And to Judah he said: 1 CONT 'May the Lord give thee strength and power 1 CONT 1 CONT To tread down all that hate thee; 1 CONT A prince shalt thou be, thou and one of thy sons, over th 1 CONC e sons of Jacob; 1 CONT 1 CONT May thy name and the name of thy sons go forth and travers 1 CONC e every land and region. 1 CONT Then shall the Gentiles fear before thy face, 1 CONT 1 CONT And all the nations shall quake 1 CONT [And all the peoples shall quake]. 1 CONT 1 CONT In thee shall be the help of Jacob, 1 CONT And in thee be found the salvation of Israel. 1 CONT 1 CONT 20 And when thou sittest on the throne of honour of thy rig 1 CONC hteousness 1 CONT There shall be great peace for all the seed of the sons o 1 CONC f the beloved; 1 CONT 1 CONT Blessed be he that blesseth thee, 1 CONT And all that hate thee and afflict thee and curse thee 1 CONT Shall be rooted out and destroyed from the earth and be acc 1 CONC ursed.' 1 CONT 1 CONT 21 And turning he kissed him again and embraced him, and re 1 CONC joiced greatly; for he had seen the 1 CONT 22 sons of Jacob his son in very truth. And he went forth f 1 CONC rom between his feet and fell down and bowed down to him, a 1 CONC nd he blessed them and rested there with Isaac his father t 1 CONC hat night, and they 1 CONT 23 eat and drank with joy. And he made the two sons of Jaco 1 CONC b sleep, the one on his right hand and the 1 CONT 24 other on his left, and it was counted to him for righteo 1 CONC usness. And Jacob told his father everything during the nig 1 CONC ht, how the Lord had shown him great mercy, and how he ha 1 CONC d prospered (him in) all 1 CONT 25 his ways, and protected him from all evil. And Isaac ble 1 CONC ssed the God of his father Abraham, who 1 CONT 26 had not withdrawn his mercy and his righteousness from t 1 CONC he sons of his servant Isaac. And in the morning Jacob tol 1 CONC d his father Isaac the vow which he had vowed to the Lord 1 CONC , and the vision which he had seen, and that he had built a 1 CONC n altar, and that everything was ready for the sacrifice t 1 CONC o be 1 CONT 27 made before the Lord as he had vowed, and that he had co 1 CONC me to set him on an ass. And Isaac said unto Jacob his son 1 CONC : 'I am not able to go with thee; for I am old and not abl 1 CONC e to bear the way: go, my son, in peace; for I am one hundr 1 CONC ed and sixty-five years this day; I am no longer able to 1 CONT 28 journey; set thy mother (on an ass) and let her go wit 1 CONC h thee. And I know, my son, that thou hast come on my accou 1 CONC nt, and may this day be blessed on which thou hast seen m 1 CONC e alive, and I also have 1 CONT 29 seen thee, my son. Mayest thou prosper and fulfil the vo 1 CONC w which thou hast vowed; and put not off thy vow; for tho 1 CONC u shalt be called to account as touching the vow; now there 1 CONC fore make haste to perform it, and may He be pleased who ha 1 CONC s made all things, to whom thou hast vowed the vow.' 1 CONT 30 And he said to Rebecca: 'Go with Jacob thy son'; and Reb 1 CONC ecca went with Jacob her son, and 1 CONT 31 Deborah with her, and they came to Bethel. And Jacob rem 1 CONC embered the prayer with which his father had blessed him an 1 CONC d his two sons, Levi and Judah, and he rejoiced and blesse 1 CONC d the God of his 1 CONT 32 fathers, Abraham and Isaac. And he said: 'Now I know tha 1 CONC t I have an eternal hope, and my sons also, before the Go 1 CONC d of all'; and thus is it ordained concerning the two; an 1 CONC d they record it as an eternal testimony unto them on the h 1 CONC eavenly tablets how Isaac blessed them. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 32] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And he abode that night at Bethel, and Levi dreamed tha 1 CONC t they had ordained and made him the priest of the Most Hig 1 CONC h God, him and his sons for ever; and he awoke from his sle 1 CONC ep and blessed 1 CONT 2 the Lord. And Jacob rose early in the morning, on the fou 1 CONC rteenth of this month, and he gave a tithe of all that cam 1 CONC e with him, both of men and cattle, both of gold and ever 1 CONC y vessel and garment, 1 CONT 3 yea, he gave tithes of all. And in those days Rachel beca 1 CONC me pregnant with her son Benjamin. And Jacob counted his so 1 CONC ns from him upwards and Levi fell to the portion of the Lor 1 CONC d, and his 1 CONT 4 father clothed him in the garments of the priesthood an 1 CONC d filled his hands. And on the fifteenth of this month, h 1 CONC e brought to the altar fourteen oxen from amongst the cattl 1 CONC e, and twenty-eight rams, and forty-nine sheep, and seven l 1 CONC ambs, and twenty-one kids of the goats as a burnt-offerin 1 CONC g on the 1 CONT 5 altar of sacrifice, well pleasing for a sweet savour befo 1 CONC re God. This was his offering, in consequence of the vow wh 1 CONC ich he had vowed that he would give a tenth, with their fru 1 CONC it-offerings and their drink- 1 CONT 6 offerings. And when the fire had consumed it, he burnt in 1 CONC cense on the fire over the fire, and for a thank-offering t 1 CONC wo oxen and four rams and four sheep, four he-goats, and tw 1 CONC o sheep of a year old, 1 CONT 7 and two kids of the goats; and thus he did daily for seve 1 CONC n days. And he and all his sons and his men were eating (th 1 CONC is) with joy there during seven days and blessing and thank 1 CONC ing the Lord, who 1 CONT 8 had delivered him out of all his tribulation and had give 1 CONC n him his vow. And he tithed all the clean animals, and mad 1 CONC e a burnt sacrifice, but the unclean animals he gave (not 1 CONC ) to Levi his son, and he 1 CONT 9 gave him all the souls of the men And Levi discharged th 1 CONC e priestly office at Bethel before Jacob his father in pref 1 CONC erence to his ten brothers, and he was a priest there, an 1 CONC d Jacob gave his vow: thus 1 CONT 10 he tithed again the tithe to the Lord and sanctified it 1 CONC , and it became holy unto Him. And for this reason it is or 1 CONC dained on the heavenly tablets as a law for the tithing aga 1 CONC in the tithe to eat before the Lord from year to year, in t 1 CONC he place where it is chosen that His name should dwell, an 1 CONC d to this law 1 CONT 11 there is no limit of days for ever. This ordinance is wr 1 CONC itten that it may be fulfilled from year to year in eatin 1 CONC g the second tithe before the Lord in the place where it ha 1 CONC s been chosen, and nothing 1 CONT 12 shall remain over from it from this year to the year fol 1 CONC lowing. For in its year shall the seed be eaten till the da 1 CONC ys of the gathering of the seed of the year, and the wine t 1 CONC ill the days of the wine, 1 CONT 13 and the oil till the days of its season. And all that i 1 CONC s left thereof and becomes old, let it be regarded 1 CONT 14 as polluted: let it be burnt with fire, for it is unclea 1 CONC n. And thus let them eat it together in the 1 CONT 15 sanctuary, and let them not suffer it to become old. An 1 CONC d all the tithes of the oxen and sheep shall be holy unto t 1 CONC he Lord, and shall belong to his priests, which they will e 1 CONC at before Him from year to 1 CONT 16 year; for thus is it ordained and engraven regarding th 1 CONC e tithe on the heavenly tablets. And on the following night 1 CONC , on the twenty-second day of this month, Jacob resolved t 1 CONC o build that place, and to surround the court with a wall 1 CONC , and to sanctify it and make it holy for ever, for himsel 1 CONC f and his children 1 CONT 17 after him. And the Lord appeared to him by night and ble 1 CONC ssed him and said unto him: 'Thy name 1 CONT 18 shall not be called Jacob, but Israel shall they name th 1 CONC y name.' And He said unto him again: 'I am the Lord who cre 1 CONC ated the heaven and the earth, and I will increase thee an 1 CONC d multiply thee exceedingly, and kings shall come forth fro 1 CONC m thee, and they shall judge everywhere wherever the foot 1 CONT 19 of the sons of men has trodden. And I will give to thy s 1 CONC eed all the earth which is under heaven, and they shall jud 1 CONC ge all the nations according to their desires, and after th 1 CONC at they shall get possession 1 CONT 20 of the whole earth and inherit it for ever.' And He fini 1 CONC shed speaking with him, and He went up 1 CONT 21 from him. and Jacob looked till He had ascended into hea 1 CONC ven. And he saw in a vision of the night, and behold an ang 1 CONC el descended from heaven with seven tablets in his hands, a 1 CONC nd he gave them to Jacob, and he read them and knew all tha 1 CONC t was written therein which would befall him and his sons 1 CONT 21 throughout all the ages. And he showed him all that wa 1 CONC s written on the tablets, and said unto him: 'Do not buil 1 CONC d this place, and do not make it an eternal sanctuary, an 1 CONC d do not dwell here; for this is not the place. Go to the h 1 CONC ouse of Abraham thy father and dwell with Isaac thy fathe 1 CONC r until the day 1 CONT 23 of the death of thy father. For in Egypt thou shalt di 1 CONC e in peace, and in this land thou shalt be buried 1 CONT 24 with honour in the sepulchre of thy fathers, with Abraha 1 CONC m and Isaac. Fear not, for as thou hast seen and read it, t 1 CONC hus shall it all be; and do thou write down everything as t 1 CONC hou hast seen and read.' 1 CONT 25 And Jacob said: 'Lord, how can I remember all that I hav 1 CONC e read and seen? 'And he said unto 1 CONT 26 him: 'I will bring all things to thy remembrance.' And h 1 CONC e went up from him, and he awoke from his sleep, and he rem 1 CONC embered everything which he had read and seen, and he wrot 1 CONC e down all the 1 CONT 27 words which he had read and seen. And he celebrated ther 1 CONC e yet another day, and he sacrificed thereon according to a 1 CONC ll that he sacrificed on the former days, and called its na 1 CONC me 'Addition,' for 1 CONT 28 this day was added and the former days he called 'The Fe 1 CONC ast '. And thus it was manifested that it should be, and i 1 CONC t is written on the heavenly tablets: wherefore it was reve 1 CONC aled to him that he should 1 CONT 29 celebrate it, and add it to the seven days of the feast 1 CONC . And its name was called 'Addition,' because that it was r 1 CONC ecorded amongst the days of the feast days, according to th 1 CONC e number of 1 CONT 30 the days of the year. And in the night, on the twenty-th 1 CONC ird of this month, Deborah Rebecca's nurse died, and they b 1 CONC uried her beneath the city under the oak of the river, an 1 CONC d he called the name of this 1 CONT 31 place, 'The river of Deborah,' and the oak, 'The oak o 1 CONC f the mourning of Deborah.' And Rebecca went and returned t 1 CONC o her house to his father Isaac, and Jacob sent by her han 1 CONC d rams and sheep and 1 CONT 32 he-goats that she should prepare a meal for his father s 1 CONC uch as he desired. And he went after his 1 CONT 33 mother till he came to the land of Kabratan, and he dwel 1 CONC t there. And Rachel bare a son in the night, and called hi 1 CONC s name 'Son of my sorrow '; for she suffered in giving hi 1 CONC m birth: but his father called his name Benjamin, on the el 1 CONC eventh of the eighth month in the first of the sixth week o 1 CONC f this 1 CONT 34 jubilee. [2143 A.M.] And Rachel died there and she was b 1 CONC uried in the land of Ephrath, the same is Bethlehem, and Ja 1 CONC cob built a pillar on the grave of Rachel, on the road abov 1 CONC e her grave. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 33] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And Jacob went and dwelt to the south of Magdaladra'ef. A 1 CONC nd he went to his father Isaac, he 1 CONT 2 and Leah his wife, on the new moon of the tenth month. An 1 CONC d Reuben saw Bilhah, Rachel's maid, 1 CONT 3 the concubine of his father, bathing in water in a secre 1 CONC t place, and he loved her. And he hid himself at night, an 1 CONC d he entered the house of Bilhah [at night], and he found h 1 CONC er sleeping alone on a bed in 1 CONT 4 her house. And he lay with her, and she awoke and saw, an 1 CONC d behold Reuben was lying with her in the bed, and she unco 1 CONC vered the border of her covering and seized him, and crie 1 CONC d out, and discovered 1 CONT 5 that it was Reuben. And she was ashamed because of him, a 1 CONC nd released her hand from him, and he 1 CONT 6,7 fled. And she lamented because of this thing exceedingl 1 CONC y, and did not tell it to any one. And when Jacob returne 1 CONC d and sought her, she said unto him: 'I am not clean for th 1 CONC ee, for I have been defiled as regards thee; for Reuben ha 1 CONC s defiled me, and has lain with me in the night, and I was 1 CONT 8 asleep, and did not discover until he uncovered my skir 1 CONC t and slept with me.' And Jacob was exceedingly wroth wit 1 CONC h Reuben because he had lain with Bilhah, because he had un 1 CONC covered his 1 CONT 9 father's skirt. And Jacob did not approach her again beca 1 CONC use Reuben had defiled her. And as for any man who uncover 1 CONC s his father's skirt his deed is wicked exceedingly, for h 1 CONC e is abominable before 1 CONT 10 the Lord. For this reason it is written and ordained o 1 CONC n the heavenly tablets that a man should not lie with his f 1 CONC ather's wife, and should not uncover his father's skirt, fo 1 CONC r this is unclean: they shall surely die together, the ma 1 CONC n who lies with his father's wife and the woman also, for t 1 CONC hey have 1 CONT 11 wrought uncleanness on the earth. And there shall be not 1 CONC hing unclean before our God in the nation 1 CONT 12 which He has chosen for Himself as a possession. And aga 1 CONC in, it is written a second time: 'Cursed be he who lieth wi 1 CONC th the wife of his father, for he hath uncovered his father 1 CONC 's shame'; and all the 1 CONT 13 holy ones of the Lord said 'So be it; so be it.' And d 1 CONC o thou, Moses, command the children of Israel that they obs 1 CONC erve this word; for it (entails) a punishment of death; an 1 CONC d it is unclean, and there is no atonement for ever to aton 1 CONC e for the man who has committed this, but he is to be put t 1 CONC o death and slain, and stoned with stones, and rooted out f 1 CONC rom the midst of the people of our God. 1 CONT 14 For to no man who does so in Israel is it permitted to r 1 CONC emain alive a single day on the earth, for he 1 CONT 15 is abominable and unclean. And let them not say: to Reub 1 CONC en was granted life and forgiveness after he had lain wit 1 CONC h his father's concubine, and to her also though she ha 1 CONC d a husband, and her husband 1 CONT 16 Jacob, his father, was still alive. For until that tim 1 CONC e there had not been revealed the ordinance and judgment an 1 CONC d law in its completeness for all, but in thy days (it ha 1 CONC s been revealed) as a law of 1 CONT 17 seasons and of days, and an everlasting law for the ever 1 CONC lasting generations. And for this law there is no consummat 1 CONC ion of days, and no atonement for it, but they must both b 1 CONC e rooted out in the midst 1 CONT 18 of the nation: on the day whereon they committed it the 1 CONC y shall slay them. And do thou, Moses, write (it) down fo 1 CONC r Israel that they may observe it, and do according to thes 1 CONC e words, and not commit a sin unto death; for the Lord ou 1 CONC r God is judge, who respects not persons and accepts not gi 1 CONC fts. And tell them these words of the covenant, that they m 1 CONC ay hear and observe, and be on their guard with respect t 1 CONC o them, and not be destroyed and rooted out of the land; fo 1 CONC r an uncleanness, and an abomination, and a contamination 1 CONC , and a pollution are all they who commit it on the earth b 1 CONC efore 1 CONT 20 our God. And there is no greater sin than the fornicatio 1 CONC n which they commit on earth; for Israel is a holy nation u 1 CONC nto the Lord its God, and a nation of inheritance, and a pr 1 CONC iestly and royal nation and for (His own) possession; and t 1 CONC here shall no such uncleanness appear in the midst of the h 1 CONC oly 1 CONT 21 nation. And in the third year of this sixth week [2145 A 1 CONC .M.] Jacob and all his sons went and dwelt in the house 1 CONT 22 of Abraham, near Isaac his father and Rebecca his mother 1 CONC . And these were the names of the sons of Jacob: the first- 1 CONC born Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulon, the so 1 CONC ns of Leah; and the sons of Rachel, Joseph and Benjamin; an 1 CONC d the sons of Bilhah, Dan and Naphtali; and the sons of Zil 1 CONC pah, Gad and Asher; and Dinah, the daughter of Leah, the on 1 CONC ly daughter of Jacob. And they 1 CONT 23 came and bowed themselves to Isaac and Rebecca, and whe 1 CONC n they saw them they blessed Jacob and all his sons, and Is 1 CONC aac rejoiced exceedingly, for he saw the sons of Jacob, hi 1 CONC s younger son and he blessed them. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 34] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the sixth year of this week of this forty-fourth j 1 CONC ubilee [2148 A.M.] Jacob sent his sons to pasture their 1 CONT 2 sheep, and his servants with them to the pastures of Shec 1 CONC hem. And the seven kings of the Amorites assembled themselv 1 CONC es together against them, to slay them, hiding themselves u 1 CONC nder the trees, and 1 CONT 3 to take their cattle as a prey. And Jacob and Levi and Ju 1 CONC dah and Joseph were in the house with Isaac their father; f 1 CONC or his spirit was sorrowful, and they could not leave him 1 CONC : and Benjamin was 1 CONT 4 the youngest, and for this reason remained with his fathe 1 CONC r. And there came the king[s] of Taphu and the king[s] of ' 1 CONC Aresa, and the king[s] of Seragan, and the king[s] of Selo 1 CONC , and the king[s] of Ga'as, and the king of Bethoron, and t 1 CONC he king of Ma'anisakir, and all those who dwell in these 1 CONT 5 mountains (and) who dwell in the woods in the land of Can 1 CONC aan. And they announced this to Jacob saying: 'Behold, th 1 CONC e kings of the Amorites have surrounded thy sons, and plund 1 CONC ered their herds.' 1 CONT 6 And he arose from his house, he and his three sons and al 1 CONC l the servants of his father, and his own 1 CONT 7 servants, and he went against them with six thousand men 1 CONC , who carried swords. And he slew them in the pastures of S 1 CONC hechem, and pursued those who fled, and he slew them with t 1 CONC he edge of the sword, and he slew 'Aresa and Taphu and Sare 1 CONC gan and Selo and 'Amani- 1 CONT 8 sakir and Ga[ga]'as, and he recovered his herds. And he p 1 CONC revailed over them, and imposed tribute on them that they s 1 CONC hould pay him tribute, five fruit products of their land, a 1 CONC nd he built Robel 1 CONT 9 and Tamnatares. And he returned in peace, and made peac 1 CONC e with them, and they became his 1 CONT 10 servants, until the day that he and his sons went down i 1 CONC nto Egypt. And in the seventh year of this week [2149 A.M. 1 CONC ] he sent Joseph to learn about the welfare of his brother 1 CONC s from his house to the land of Shechem, 1 CONT 11 and he found them in the land of Dothan. And they deal 1 CONC t treacherously with him, and formed a plot against him t 1 CONC o slay him, but changing their minds, they sold him to Ishm 1 CONC aelite merchants, and they brought him down into Egypt, an 1 CONC d they sold him to Potiphar, the eunuch of Pharaoh, the 1 CONT 12 chief of the cooks, priest of the city of 'Elew. And th 1 CONC e sons of Jacob slaughtered a kid, and dipped the coat of J 1 CONC oseph in the blood, and sent (it) to Jacob their father o 1 CONC n the tenth of the seventh month. 1 CONT 13 And he mourned all that night, for they had brought it t 1 CONC o him in the evening, and he became feverish with mournin 1 CONC g for his death, and he said: 'An evil beast hath devoure 1 CONC d Joseph'; and all the members of his house [mourned with h 1 CONC im that day, and they] were grieving and mourning with 1 CONT 14 him all that day. And his sons and his daughter rose u 1 CONC p to comfort him, but he refused to be 1 CONT 15 comforted for his son. And on that day Bilhah heard tha 1 CONC t Joseph had perished, and she died mourning him, and she w 1 CONC as living in Qafratef, and Dinah also, his daughter, died a 1 CONC fter Joseph had 1 CONT 16 perished. And there came these three mournings upon Isra 1 CONC el in one month. And they buried 1 CONT 17 Bilhah over against the tomb of Rachel, and Dinah also 1 CONC . his daughter, they buried there. And he mourned for Josep 1 CONC h one year, and did not cease, for he said 'Let me go dow 1 CONC n to the grave mourning 1 CONT 18 for my son'. For this reason it is ordained for the chil 1 CONC dren of Israel that they should afflict themselves on the t 1 CONC enth of the seventh month -on the day that the news which m 1 CONC ade him weep for Joseph came to Jacob his father- that the 1 CONC y should make atonement for themselves thereon with a youn 1 CONC g goat on the tenth of the seventh month, once a year, fo 1 CONC r their sins; for they had grieved the 1 CONT 19 affection of their father regarding Joseph his son. An 1 CONC d this day has been ordained that they should grieve thereo 1 CONC n for their sins, and for all their transgressions and fo 1 CONC r all their errors, so that they 1 CONT 20 might cleanse themselves on that day once a year. And af 1 CONC ter Joseph perished, the sons of Jacob took unto themselve 1 CONC s wives. The name of Reuben's wife is 'Ada; and the name o 1 CONC f Simeon's wife is 'Adlba'a, a Canaanite; and the name of L 1 CONC evi's wife is Melka, of the daughters of Aram, of the see 1 CONC d of the sons of Terah; and the name of Judah's wife, Betas 1 CONC u'el, a Canaanite; and the name of Issachar's wife, Hezaqa 1 CONC : and the name of Zabulon's wife, Ni'iman; and the name o 1 CONC f Dan's wife, 'Egla; and the name of Naphtali's wife, Rasu' 1 CONC u, of Mesopotamia; and the name of Gad's wife, Maka; and th 1 CONC e name of Asher's wife, 'Ijona; and the name of Joseph's wi 1 CONC fe, Asenath, the Egyptian; and the name 1 CONT 21 of Benjamin's wife, 'Ijasaka. And Simeon repented, and t 1 CONC ook a second wife from Mesopotamia as his brothers. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 35] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the first year of the first week of the forty-fift 1 CONC h jubilee [2157 A.M.] Rebecca called Jacob, her son, and co 1 CONC mmanded him regarding his father and regarding his brother 1 CONC , that he should honour them all the 1 CONT 2 days of his life. And Jacob said: 'I will do everything a 1 CONC s thou hast commanded me; for this thing will be honour an 1 CONC d greatness to me, and righteousness before the Lord, tha 1 CONC t I should honour them. 1 CONT 3 And thou too, mother, knowest from the time I was born un 1 CONC til this day, all my deeds and all that is in 1 CONT 4 my heart, that I always think good concerning all. And ho 1 CONC w should I not do this thing which thou 1 CONT 5 hast commanded me, that I should honour my father and m 1 CONC y brother! Tell me, mother, what 1 CONT 6 perversity hast thou seen in me and I shall turn away fro 1 CONC m it, and mercy will be upon me.' And she said unto him: 'M 1 CONC y son, I have not seen in thee all my days any perverse bu 1 CONC t (only) upright deeds. And yet I will tell thee the truth 1 CONC , my son: I shall die this year, and I shall not survive th 1 CONC is year in my life; for I have seen in a dream the day of m 1 CONC y death, that I should not live beyond a hundred and fifty- 1 CONC five years: and behold I have completed all the days of m 1 CONC y life which I am to 1 CONT 7 live.' And Jacob laughed at the words of his mother. beca 1 CONC use his mother had said unto him that she should die; and s 1 CONC he was sitting opposite to him in possession of her strengt 1 CONC h, and she was not infirm in her strength; for she went i 1 CONC n and out and saw, and her teeth were strong, and no ailment 1 CONT 8 had touched her all the days of her life. And Jacob sai 1 CONC d unto her: 'Blessed am I, mother, if my days approach th 1 CONC e days of thy life, and my strength remain with me thus a 1 CONC s thy strength: and thou 1 CONT 9 wilt not die, for thou art jesting idly with me regardin 1 CONC g thy death.' And she went in to Isaac and said unto him: ' 1 CONC One petition I make unto thee: make Esau swear that he wil 1 CONC l not injure Jacob, nor pursue him with enmity; for thou kn 1 CONC owest Esau's thoughts that they are perverse from his youth, 1 CONT 10 and there is no goodness in him; for he desires after th 1 CONC y death to kill him. And thou knowest all that he has don 1 CONC e since the day Jacob his brother went to Haran until thi 1 CONC s day: how he has forsaken us with his whole heart, and ha 1 CONC s done evil to us; thy flocks he has taken to himself, an 1 CONC d carried off 1 CONT 11 all thy possessions from before thy face. And when we im 1 CONC plored and besought him for what was 1 CONT 12 our own, he did as a man who was taking pity on us. An 1 CONC d he is bitter against thee because thou didst bless Jaco 1 CONC b thy perfect and upright son; for there is no evil but onl 1 CONC y goodness in him, and since he came from Haran unto this d 1 CONC ay he has not robbed us of aught, for he brings us everythi 1 CONC ng in its season always, and rejoices with all his heart wh 1 CONC en we take at his hands and he blesses us, and has not part 1 CONC ed from us since he came from Haran until this day, and h 1 CONC e remains with us continually 1 CONT 13 at home honouring us.' And Isaac said unto her: 'I, too 1 CONC , know and see the deeds of Jacob who is with us, how tha 1 CONC t with all his heart he honours us; but I loved Esau former 1 CONC ly more than Jacob, because he was the firstborn; but no 1 CONC w I love Jacob more than Esau, for he has done manifold evi 1 CONC l deeds, and there is no righteousness in him, for all hi 1 CONC s ways are unrighteousness and violence, [and 1 CONT 14 there is no righteousness around him.] And now my hear 1 CONC t is troubled because of all his deeds, and neither he no 1 CONC r his seed is to be saved, for they are those who will be d 1 CONC estroyed from the earth and who will be rooted out from und 1 CONC er heaven, for he has forsaken the God of Abraham and gone 1 CONT 15 after his wives and after their uncleanness and after th 1 CONC eir error, he and his children. And thou dost bid me make h 1 CONC im swear that he will not slay Jacob his brother; even if h 1 CONC e swear he will not abide 1 CONT 16 by his oath, and he will not do good but evil only. Bu 1 CONC t if he desires to slay Jacob, his brother, into Jacob's ha 1 CONC nds will he be given, and he will not escape from his hands 1 CONC , [for he will descend into his 1 CONT 17 hands.] And fear thou not on account of Jacob; for the g 1 CONC uardian of Jacob is great and powerful 1 CONT 18 and honoured, and praised more than the guardian of Esau 1 CONC .' And Rebecca sent and called Esau and he came to her, an 1 CONC d she said unto him: 'I have a petition, my son, to make un 1 CONC to thee, and do 1 CONT 19 thou promise to do it, my son.' And he said: 'I will d 1 CONC o everything that thou sayest unto me, and 1 CONT 20 I will not refuse thy petition.' And she said unto him 1 CONC : 'I ask you that the day I die, thou wilt take me in and b 1 CONC ury me near Sarah, thy father's mother, and that thou and J 1 CONC acob will love each other and that neither will desire evi 1 CONC l against the other, but mutual love only, and (so) ye wil 1 CONC l prosper, my sons, and be honoured in the midst of the lan 1 CONC d, and no enemy will rejoice over you, and ye will be 1 CONT 21 a blessing and a mercy in the eyes of all those that lov 1 CONC e you.' And he said: 'I will do all that thou hast told me 1 CONC , and I shall bury thee on the day thou diest near Sarah, m 1 CONC y father's mother, as 1 CONT 22 thou hast desired that her bones may be near thy bones 1 CONC . And Jacob, my brother, also, I shall love above all flesh 1 CONC ; for I have not a brother in all the earth but him only: a 1 CONC nd this is no great merit for me if I love him; for he is m 1 CONC y brother, and we were sown together in thy body, and toget 1 CONC her came 1 CONT 23 we forth from thy womb, and if I do not love my brother 1 CONC , whom shall I love? And I, myself, beg thee to exhort Jaco 1 CONC b concerning me and concerning my sons, for I know that h 1 CONC e will assuredly be king over me and my sons, for on the da 1 CONC y my father blessed him he made him the higher and me 1 CONT 24 the lower. And I swear unto thee that I shall love him 1 CONC , and not desire evil against him all the 1 CONT 25 days of my life but good only.' And he sware unto her re 1 CONC garding all this matter. And she called Jacob before the ey 1 CONC es of Esau, and gave him commandment according to the word 1 CONC s which 1 CONT 26 she had spoken to Esau. And he said: 'I shall do thy ple 1 CONC asure; believe me that no evil will proceed from me or fro 1 CONC m my sons against Esau, and I shall be first in naught sav 1 CONC e in love only.' 1 CONT 27 And they eat and drank, she and her sons that night, an 1 CONC d she died, three jubilees and one week and one year old, o 1 CONC n that night, and her two sons, Esau and Jacob, buried he 1 CONC r in the double cave near Sarah, their father's mother. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 36] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the sixth year of this week [2162 A.M.] Isaac call 1 CONC ed his two sons Esau and Jacob, and they came to him, and h 1 CONC e said unto them: 'My sons, I am going the way of my father 1 CONC s, to the eternal house 1 CONT 2 where my fathers are. Wherefore bury me near Abraham my f 1 CONC ather, in the double cave in the field of Ephron the Hittit 1 CONC e, where Abraham purchased a sepulchre to bury in; in the s 1 CONC epulchre which 1 CONT 3 I digged for myself, there bury me. And this I command yo 1 CONC u, my sons, that ye practise righteousness and uprightnes 1 CONC s on the earth, so that the Lord may bring upon you all tha 1 CONC t the Lord said that 1 CONT 4 he would do to Abraham and to his seed. And love one anot 1 CONC her, my sons, your brothers as a man who loves his own soul 1 CONC , and let each seek in what he may benefit his brother, an 1 CONC d act together on the earth; and let them love each other a 1 CONC s their own souls. And concerning the question of idols 1 CONC , I command and admonish you to reject them and hate them 1 CONC , and love them not, for they are full 1 CONT 6 of deception for those that worship them and for those th 1 CONC at bow down to them. Remember ye, my sons, the Lord God o 1 CONC f Abraham your father, and how I too worshipped Him and ser 1 CONC ved Him in righteousness and in joy, that He might multipl 1 CONC y you and increase your seed as the stars of heaven in mult 1 CONC itude, and establish you on the earth as the plant of right 1 CONC eousness which will not be rooted 1 CONT 7 out unto all the generations for ever. And now I shall ma 1 CONC ke you swear a great oath -for there is no oath which is gr 1 CONC eater than it by the name glorious and honoured and great a 1 CONC nd splendid and wonderful and mighty, which created the hea 1 CONC vens and the earth and all things together- that ye will 1 CONT 8 fear Him and worship Him. And that each will love his bro 1 CONC ther with affection and righteousness, and that neither wil 1 CONC l desire evil against his brother from henceforth for eve 1 CONC r all the days of your life 1 CONT 9 so that ye may prosper in all your deeds and not be destr 1 CONC oyed. And if either of you devises evil against his brother 1 CONC , know that from henceforth everyone that devises evil agai 1 CONC nst his brother shall fall into his hand, and shall be root 1 CONC ed out of the land of the living, and his seed shall be des 1 CONC troyed from 1 CONT 10 under heaven. But on the day of turbulence and execratio 1 CONC n and indignation and anger, with flaming devouring fire a 1 CONC s He burnt Sodom, so likewise will He burn his land and hi 1 CONC s city and all that is his, and he shall be blotted out o 1 CONC f the book of the discipline of the children of men, and no 1 CONC t be recorded in the book of life, but in that which is app 1 CONC ointed to destruction, and he shall depart into eternal exe 1 CONC cration; so that their condemnation may be always renewed i 1 CONC n hate and in execration and in wrath and in torment and i 1 CONC n indignation and in plagues and in disease for ever. I sa 1 CONC y and testify to you, my sons, according to the judgment wh 1 CONC ich shall come upon the man who wishes to 1 CONT 12 injure his brother. And he divided all his possessions b 1 CONC etween the two on that day and he gave the larger portion t 1 CONC o him that was the first-born, and the tower and all that w 1 CONC as about it, and all that 1 CONT 13 Abraham possessed at the Well of the Oath. And he said 1 CONC : 'This larger portion I will give to the 1 CONT 14 firstborn.' And Esau said, 'I have sold to Jacob and giv 1 CONC en my birthright to Jacob; to him let it be 1 CONT 15 given, and I have not a single word to say regarding it 1 CONC , for it is his.' And Isaac said, May a blessing rest upo 1 CONC n you, my sons, and upon your seed this day, for ye have gi 1 CONC ven me rest, and my heart is not 1 CONT 16 pained concerning the birthright, lest thou shouldest wo 1 CONC rk wickedness on account of it. May the 1 CONT 17 Most High God bless the man that worketh righteousness 1 CONC , him and his seed for ever.' And he ended commanding the 1 CONC m and blessing them, and they eat and drank together befor 1 CONC e him, and he rejoiced because there was one mind between t 1 CONC hem, and they went forth from him and rested that day and 1 CONT 18 slept. And Isaac slept on his bed that day rejoicing; an 1 CONC d he slept the eternal sleep, and died one hundred and eigh 1 CONC ty years old. He completed twenty-five weeks and five years 1 CONC ; and his two sons 1 CONT 19 Esau and Jacob buried him. And Esau went to the land o 1 CONC f Edom, to the mountains of Seir, and 1 CONT 20 dwelt there. And Jacob dwelt in the mountains of Hebron 1 CONC , in the tower of the land of the sojournings of his fathe 1 CONC r Abraham, and he worshipped the Lord with all his heart an 1 CONC d according to the visible 1 CONT 21 commands according as He had divided the days of his gen 1 CONC erations. And Leah his wife died in the fourth year of th 1 CONC e second week of the forty-fifth jubilee, [2167 A.M.] and h 1 CONC e buried her in the double cave 1 CONT 23 near Rebecca his mother to the left of the grave of Sara 1 CONC h, his father's mother and all her sons and his sons came t 1 CONC o mourn over Leah his wife with him and to comfort him rega 1 CONC rding her, for he 1 CONT 24 was lamenting her for he loved her exceedingly after Rac 1 CONC hel her sister died; for she was perfect and upright in al 1 CONC l her ways and honoured Jacob,and all the days that she liv 1 CONC ed with him he did not hear from her mouth a harsh word, fo 1 CONC r she was gentle and peaceable and upright and honourable 1 CONT 24 And he remembered all her deeds which she had done durin 1 CONC g her life and he lamented her exceedingly; for he loved he 1 CONC r with all his heart and with all his soul. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 37] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And on the day that Isaac the father of Jacob and Esau di 1 CONC ed, [2162 A.M.] the sons of Esau heard that Isaac 1 CONT 2 had given the portion of the elder to his younger son Jac 1 CONC ob and they were very angry. And they strove with their fat 1 CONC her, saying 'Why has thy father given Jacob the portion o 1 CONC f the elder and passed 1 CONT 3 over thee, although thou art the elder and Jacob the youn 1 CONC ger?' And he said unto them 'Because I sold my birthright t 1 CONC o Jacob for a small mess of lentils, and on the day my fath 1 CONC er sent me to hunt and catch and bring him something that h 1 CONC e should eat and bless me, he came with guile and brought 1 CONT 4 my father food and drink, and my father blessed him and p 1 CONC ut me under his hand. And now our father has caused us to s 1 CONC wear, me and him, that we shall not mutually devise evil, e 1 CONC ither against his brother, and that we shall continue in lo 1 CONC ve and in peace each with his brother and not make our ways 1 CONT 5 corrupt.' And they said unto him, 'We shall not hearken u 1 CONC nto thee to make peace with him; for our strength is greate 1 CONC r than his strength, and we are more powerful than he; we s 1 CONC hall go against him and slay him, and destroy him and his s 1 CONC ons. And if thou wilt not go with us, we shall do hurt 1 CONT 6 to thee also. And now hearken unto us: Let us send to Ara 1 CONC m and Philistia and Moab and Ammon, and let us choose for o 1 CONC urselves chosen men who are ardent for battle, and let us g 1 CONC o against him and do battle with him, and let us exterminat 1 CONC e him from the earth before he grows strong.' 1 CONT 7 And their father said unto them, 'Do not go and do not ma 1 CONC ke war with him lest ye fall before him.' 1 CONT 8 And they said unto him, 'This too, is exactly thy mode o 1 CONC f action from thy youth until this day, and 1 CONT 9 thou art putting thy neck under his yoke. We shall not he 1 CONC arken to these words.' And they sent to Aram, and to 'Adura 1 CONC m to the friend of their father, and they hired along wit 1 CONC h them one thousand 1 CONT 10 fighting men, chosen men of war. And there came to the 1 CONC m from Moab and from the children of Ammon, those who wer 1 CONC e hired, one thousand chosen men, and from Philistia, one t 1 CONC housand chosen men of war, and from Edom and from the Horit 1 CONC es one thousand chosen fighting men, and from the 1 CONT 11 Kittim mighty men of war. And they said unto their fathe 1 CONC r: Go forth with them and lead them, 1 CONT 12 else we shall slay thee.' And he was filled with wrath a 1 CONC nd indignation on seeing that his sons were forcing him t 1 CONC o go before (them) to lead them against Jacob his brother 1 CONC . But afterward he remem- 1 CONT 13 bered all the evil which lay hidden in his heart agains 1 CONC t Jacob his brother; and he remembered not the oath which h 1 CONC e had sworn to his father and to his mother that he would d 1 CONC evise no evil all his days 1 CONT 14 against Jacob his brother. And notwithstanding all this 1 CONC , Jacob knew not that they were coming against him to battl 1 CONC e, and he was mourning for Leah, his wife, until they appro 1 CONC ached very near to the 1 CONT 15 tower with four thousand warriors and chosen men of wa 1 CONC r And the men of Hebron sent to him saying, 'Behold thy bro 1 CONC ther has come against thee, to fight thee, with four thousa 1 CONC nd girt with the sword, and they carry shields and weapons' 1 CONC ; for they loved Jacob more than Esau. So they told him; for 1 CONT 16 Jacob was a more liberal and merciful man than Esau. Bu 1 CONC t Jacob would not believe until they came 1 CONT 17 very near to the tower. And he closed the gates of the t 1 CONC ower; and he stood on the battlements and spake to his brot 1 CONC her Esau and said, 'Noble is the comfort wherewith thou has 1 CONC t come to comfort me for my wife who has died. Is this th 1 CONC e oath that thou didst swear to thy father and again to th 1 CONC y mother before they died? Thou hast broken the oath, and o 1 CONC n the moment that thou didst swear to 1 CONT 18 thy father wast thou condemned.' And then Esau answere 1 CONC d and said unto him, 'Neither the children of men nor the b 1 CONC easts of the earth have any oath of righteousness which i 1 CONC n swearing they have sworn (an oath valid) for ever; but ev 1 CONC ery day they devise evil one against another, and how each 1 CONT 19 may slay his adversary and foe. And thou dost hate me an 1 CONC d my children for ever. And there is 1 CONT 20 no observing the tie of brotherhood with thee. Hear thes 1 CONC e words which I declare unto thee, 1 CONT 1 CONT If the boar can change its skin and make its bristles as so 1 CONC ft as wool, 1 CONT Or if it can cause horns to sprout forth on its head like t 1 CONC he horns of a stag or of a sheep, 1 CONT Then will I observe the tie of brotherhood with thee 1 CONT And if the breasts separated themselves from their mother 1 CONC , for thou hast not been a brother to me. 1 CONT 21 And if the wolves make peace with the lambs so as not t 1 CONC o devour or do them violence, 1 CONT And if their hearts are towards them for good, 1 CONT Then there shall be peace in my heart towards thee 1 CONT 1 CONT 22 And if the lion becomes the friend of the ox and makes p 1 CONC eace with him 1 CONT And if he is bound under one yoke with him and ploughs wit 1 CONC h him, 1 CONT Then will I make peace with thee. 1 CONT 23 And when the raven becomes white as the raza, 1 CONT Then know that I have loved thee 1 CONT And shall make peace with thee 1 CONT Thou shalt be rooted out, 1 CONT And thy sons shall be rooted out, 1 CONT And there shall be no peace for thee' 1 CONT 1 CONT 24 And when Jacob saw that he was (so) evilly disposed towa 1 CONC rds him with his heart, and with all his soul as to slay hi 1 CONC m, and that he had come springing like the wild boar whic 1 CONC h comes upon 1 CONT 25 the spear that pierces and kills it, and recoils not fro 1 CONC m it; then he spake to his own and to his servants that the 1 CONC y should attack him and all his companions. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 38] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And after that Judah spake to Jacob, his father, and sai 1 CONC d unto him: 'Bend thy bow, father, and send forth thy arrow 1 CONC s and cast down the adversary and slay the enemy; and mays 1 CONC t thou have the power, for we shall not slay thy brother, f 1 CONC or he is such as thou, and he is like thee let us give him 1 CONT 2 (this) honour.' Then Jacob bent his bow and sent forth th 1 CONC e arrow and struck Esau, his brother (on 1 CONT 3 his right breast) and slew him. And again he sent forth a 1 CONC n arrow and struck 'Adoran the Aramaean, 1 CONT 4 on the left breast, and drove him backward and slew him A 1 CONC nd then went forth the sons of Jacob, 1 CONT 5 they and their servants, dividing themselves into compani 1 CONC es on the four sides of the tower. And Judah went forth i 1 CONC n front, and Naphtali and Gad with him and fifty servants w 1 CONC ith him on the south side of the tower, and they slew all t 1 CONC hey found before them, and not one individual of them escap 1 CONC ed. 1 CONT 6 And Levi and Dan and Asher went forth on the east side o 1 CONC f the tower, and fifty (men) with them, 1 CONT 7 and they slew the fighting men of Moab and Ammon. And Reu 1 CONC ben and Issachar and Zebulon went forth on the north side o 1 CONC f the tower, and fifty men with them, and they slew the fig 1 CONC hting men of the 1 CONT 8 Philistines. And Simeon and Benjamin and Enoch, Reuben' 1 CONC s son, went forth on the west side of the tower, and fift 1 CONC y (men) with them, and they slew of Edom and of the Horite 1 CONC s four hundred men, stout warriors; and six hundred fled, a 1 CONC nd four of the sons of Esau fled with them, and left thei 1 CONC r father 1 CONT 9 lying slain, as he had fallen on the hill which is in 'Ad 1 CONC uram. And the sons of Jacob pursued after them to the mount 1 CONC ains of Seir. And Jacob buried his brother on the hill whic 1 CONC h is in 'Aduram, and 1 CONT 10 he returned to his house. And the sons of Jacob presse 1 CONC d hard upon the sons of Esau in the moun- 1 CONT 11 tains of Seir, and bowed their necks so that they becam 1 CONC e servants of the sons of Jacob. And they 1 CONT 12 sent to their father (to inquire) whether they should ma 1 CONC ke peace with them or slay them. And Jacob sent word to hi 1 CONC s sons that they should make peace, and they made peace wit 1 CONC h them, and placed the 1 CONT 13 yoke of servitude upon them, so that they paid tribute t 1 CONC o Jacob and to his sons always. And they 1 CONT 14 continued to pay tribute to Jacob until the day that h 1 CONC e went down into Egypt. And the sons of Edom have not got q 1 CONC uit of the yoke of servitude which the twelve sons of Jaco 1 CONC b had imposed on 1 CONT 15 them until this day. And these are the kings that reigne 1 CONC d in Edom before there reigned any king 1 CONT 16 over the children of Israel [until this day] in the lan 1 CONC d of Edom. And Balaq, the son of Beor, reigned 1 CONT 17 in Edom, and the name of his city was Danaba. And Bala 1 CONC q died, and Jobab, the son of Zara of 1 CONT 18 Boser, reigned in his stead. And Jobab died, and 'Asam 1 CONC , of the land of Teman, reigned in his stead. 1 CONT 19 And 'Asam died, and 'Adath, the son of Barad, who slew M 1 CONC idian in the field of Moab, reigned in his 1 CONT 20 stead, and the name of his city was Avith. And 'Adath di 1 CONC ed, and Salman, from 'Amaseqa, reigned 1 CONT 21,22 in his stead. And Salman died,and Saul of Ra'aboth (b 1 CONC y the) river, reigned in his stead. And Saul 1 CONT 23 died, and Ba'elunan, the son of Achbor, reigned in his s 1 CONC tead. And Ba'elunan, the son of Achbor died, and 'Adath rei 1 CONC gned in his stead, and the name of his wife was Maitabith 1 CONC , the daughter of 1 CONT 25 Matarat, the daughter of Metabedza'ab. These are the kin 1 CONC gs who reigned in the land of Edom. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 39] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1,2 And Jacob dwelt in the land of his father's sojourning 1 CONC s in the land of Canaan. These are the generations of Jacob 1 CONC . And Joseph was seventeen years old when they took him dow 1 CONC n into 1 CONT 3 the land of Egypt, and Potiphar, an eunuch of Pharaoh, th 1 CONC e chief cook bought him. And he set Joseph over all his hou 1 CONC se and the blessing of the Lord came upon the house of th 1 CONC e Egyptian on 1 CONT 4 account of Joseph, and the Lord prospered him in all tha 1 CONC t he did. And the Egyptian committed everything into the ha 1 CONC nds of Joseph; for he saw that the Lord was with him, and t 1 CONC hat the 1 CONT 5 Lord prospered him in all that he did. And Joseph's appea 1 CONC rance was comely [and very beautiful was his appearance], a 1 CONC nd his master's wife lifted up her eyes and saw Joseph, an 1 CONC d she loved him 1 CONT 6 and besought him to lie with her. But he did not surrende 1 CONC r his soul, and he remembered the Lord and the words whic 1 CONC h Jacob, his father, used to read from amongst the words o 1 CONC f Abraham, that no man should commit fornication with a wom 1 CONC an who has a husband; that for him the punishment of deat 1 CONC h has been ordained in the heavens before the Most High God 1 CONC , and the sin 1 CONT 7 will be recorded against him in the eternal books continu 1 CONC ally before the Lord. And Joseph 1 CONT 8 remembered these words and refused to lie with her. And s 1 CONC he besought him for a year, but he 1 CONT 9 refused and would not listen. But she embraced him and he 1 CONC ld him fast in the house in order to force him to lie wit 1 CONC h her, and closed the doors of the house and held him fast 1 CONC ; but he left 1 CONT 10 his garment in her hands and broke through the door an 1 CONC d fled without from her presence. And the woman saw that h 1 CONC e would not lie with her, and she calumniated him in the pr 1 CONC esence of his lord, saying 'Thy Hebrew servant, whom thou l 1 CONC ovest, sought to force me so that he might lie with me; an 1 CONC d it came to pass when I lifted up my voice that he fled an 1 CONC d left his garment in 1 CONT 11 my hands when I held him, and he brake through the door. 1 CONC ' And the Egyptian saw the garment of Joseph and the broke 1 CONC n door, and heard the words of his wife, and cast Joseph in 1 CONC to 1 CONT 12 prison into the place where the prisoners were kept who 1 CONC m the king imprisoned. And he was there in the prison; an 1 CONC d the Lord gave Joseph favour in the sight of the chief o 1 CONC f the prison guards and compassion before him, for he saw t 1 CONC hat the Lord was with him, and that the Lord 1 CONT 13 made all that he did to prosper. And he committed all th 1 CONC ings into his hands, and the chief of the prison guards kne 1 CONC w of nothing that was with him, for Joseph did every thing 1 CONC , and the 1 CONT 14 Lord perfected it. And he remained there two years. An 1 CONC d in those days Pharaoh, king of Egypt was wroth against hi 1 CONC s two eunuchs, against the chief butler, and against the ch 1 CONC ief baker, and he put 1 CONT 15 them in ward in the house of the chief cook, in the pris 1 CONC on where Joseph was kept. And the chief of 1 CONT 16 the prison guards appointed Joseph to serve them; and h 1 CONC e served before them. And they both 1 CONT 17 dreamed a dream, the chief butler and the chief baker, a 1 CONC nd they told it to Joseph. And as he interpreted to them s 1 CONC o it befell them, and Pharaoh restored the chief butler t 1 CONC o his office and the 1 CONT 18 (chief) baker he slew, as Joseph had interpreted to them 1 CONC . But the chief butler forgot Joseph in the prison, althoug 1 CONC h he had informed him what would befall him, and did not re 1 CONC member to inform Pharaoh how Joseph had told him, for he fo 1 CONC rgot. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 40] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in those days Pharaoh dreamed two dreams in one nigh 1 CONC t concerning a famine which was to be in all the land, an 1 CONC d he awoke from his sleep and called all the interpreters o 1 CONC f dreams that were in Egypt, and magicians, and told them h 1 CONC is two dreams, and they were not able to declare (them). 1 CONT 2 And then the chief butler remembered Joseph and spake o 1 CONC f him to the king, and he brought him 1 CONT 3 forth from the prison, and he to]d his two dreams befor 1 CONC e him. And he said before Pharaoh that his two dreams wer 1 CONC e one, and he said unto him: 'Seven years shall come (in wh 1 CONC ich there shall be) plenty over all the land of Egypt, an 1 CONC d after that seven years of famine, such a famine as has no 1 CONC t been in all 1 CONT 4 the land. And now let Pharaoh appoint overseers in all th 1 CONC e land of Egypt, and let them store up food in every city t 1 CONC hroughout the days of the years of plenty, and there will b 1 CONC e food for the seven 1 CONT 5 years of famine, and the land will not perish through th 1 CONC e famine, for it will be very severe.' And the Lord gave Jo 1 CONC seph favour and mercy in the eyes of Pharaoh, and Pharaoh s 1 CONC aid unto his servants. We shall not find such a wise and di 1 CONC screet man as this man, for the spirit of the Lord is with 1 CONT 6 him.' And he appointed him the second in all his kingdo 1 CONC m and gave him authority over all 1 CONT 7 Egypt, and caused him to ride in the second chariot of Ph 1 CONC araoh. And he clothed him with byssus garments, and he pu 1 CONC t a gold chain upon his neck, and (a herald) proclaimed bef 1 CONC ore him ' 'El 'El wa 'Abirer,' and placed a ring on his han 1 CONC d and made him ruler over all his house, and magnified him 1 CONC , and 1 CONT 8 said unto him. 'Only on the throne shall I be greater tha 1 CONC n thou.' And Joseph ruled over all the land of Egypt, and a 1 CONC ll the princes of Pharaoh, and all his servants, and all wh 1 CONC o did the king's business loved him, for he walked in uprig 1 CONC htness, for he was without pride and arrogance, and he ha 1 CONC d no respect of persons, and did not accept gifts, but he j 1 CONC udged in uprightness all the people of the land. 1 CONT 9 And the land of Egypt was at peace before Pharaoh becaus 1 CONC e of Joseph, for the Lord was with him, and gave him favou 1 CONC r and mercy for all his generations before all those who kn 1 CONC ew him and those who heard concerning him, and Pharaoh's ki 1 CONC ngdom was well ordered, and there was no Satan and no evil 1 CONT 10 person (therein). And the king called Joseph's name Seph 1 CONC antiphans, and gave Joseph to wife the 1 CONT 11 daughter of Potiphar, the daughter of the priest of Heli 1 CONC opolis, the chief cook. And on the day that 1 CONT 12 Joseph stood before Pharaoh he was thirty years old [whe 1 CONC n he stood before Pharaoh]. And in that year Isaac died. An 1 CONC d it came to pass as Joseph had said in the interpretatio 1 CONC n of his two dreams, according as he had said it, there wer 1 CONC e seven years of plenty over all the land of Egypt, and the 1 CONT 13 land of Egypt abundantly produced, one measure (producin 1 CONC g) eighteen hundred measures. And Joseph gathered food int 1 CONC o every city until they were full of corn until they coul 1 CONC d no longer count and measure it for its multitude. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 41] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the forty-fifth jubilee, in the second week, (and 1 CONC ) in the second year, [2165 A.M.] Judah took for his 1 CONT 2 first-born Er, a wife from the daughters of Aram, named T 1 CONC amar. But he hated, and did not lie with her, because his m 1 CONC other was of the daughters of Canaan, and he wished to tak 1 CONC e him a wife of the 1 CONT 3 kinsfolk of his mother, but Judah, his father, would no 1 CONC t permit him. And this Er, the first-born of Judah, 1 CONT 4 was wicked, and the Lord slew him. And Judah said unto On 1 CONC an, his brother 'Go in unto thy brother's wife and perfor 1 CONC m the duty of a husband's brother unto her, and raise up se 1 CONC ed unto thy brother.' And 1 CONT 5 Onan knew that the seed would not be his, (but) his broth 1 CONC er's only, and he went into the house of his brother's wife 1 CONC , and spilt the seed on the ground, and he was wicked in th 1 CONC e eyes of the Lord, and He slew 1 CONT 6 him. And Judah said unto Tamar, his daughter-in-law: 'Rem 1 CONC ain in thy father's house as a widow till 1 CONT 7 Shelah my son be grown up, and I shall give thee to him t 1 CONC o wife.' And he grew up; but Bedsu'el, the wife of Judah, d 1 CONC id not permit her son Shelah to marry. And Bedsu'el, the wi 1 CONC fe of Judah, died [2168 A.M.] 1 CONT 8 in the fifth year of this week. And in the sixth year Jud 1 CONC ah went up to shear his sheep at Timnah. [2169 A.M.] 1 CONT 9 And they told Tamar: 'Behold thy father-in-law goeth up t 1 CONC o Timnah to shear his sheep.' And she put off her widow's c 1 CONC lothes, and put on a veil, and adorned herself, and sat i 1 CONC n the gate adjoining the 1 CONT 10 way to Timnah. And as Judah was going along he found her 1 CONC , and thought her to be an harlot, and he said unto her: 'L 1 CONC et me come in unto thee'; and she said unto him Come in,' a 1 CONC nd he went 1 CONT 11 in. And she said unto him: 'Give me my hire'; and he sai 1 CONC d unto her: 'I have nothing in my 1 CONT 12 hand save my ring that is on my finger, and my necklace 1 CONC , and my staff which is in my hand.' And she said unto hi 1 CONC m 'Give them to me until thou dost send me my hire', and h 1 CONC e said unto her: 'I will send unto thee a kid of the goats' 1 CONC ; and he gave them to her, , and 1 CONT 13,14 she conceived by him. And Judah went unto his sheep 1 CONC , and she went to her father's house. And Judah sent a ki 1 CONC d of the goats by the hand of his shepherd, an Adullamite 1 CONC , and he found her not; and he asked the people of the plac 1 CONC e, saying: 'Where is the harlot who was here?' And they said 1 CONT 15 unto him; 'There is no harlot here with us.' And he retu 1 CONC rned and informed him, and said unto him that he had not fo 1 CONC und her: 'I asked the people of the place, and they said un 1 CONC to me: "There 1 CONT 16 is no harlot here." ' And he said: 'Let her keep (them 1 CONC ) lest we become a cause of derision.' And when she had com 1 CONC pleted three months, it was manifest that she was with chil 1 CONC d, and they told Judah, 1 CONT 17 saying: 'Behold Tamar, thy daughter-in-law, is with chil 1 CONC d by whoredom.' And Judah went to the house of her father 1 CONC , and said unto her father and her brothers: 'Bring her for 1 CONC th, and let them burn 1 CONT 18 her, for she hath wrought uncleanness in Israel.' And i 1 CONC t came to pass when they brought her forth to burn her tha 1 CONC t she sent to her father-in-law the ring and the necklace 1 CONC , and the staff, saying: 1 CONT 19 'Discern whose are these, for by him am I with child.' A 1 CONC nd Judah acknowledged, and said: 'Tamar 1 CONT 20 is more righteous than I am. And therefore let them bur 1 CONC n her not' And for that reason she was 1 CONT 21 not given to Shelah, and he did not again approach her A 1 CONC nd after that she bare two sons, Perez [2170 A.M.] 1 CONT 22 and Zerah, in the seventh year of this second week. An 1 CONC d thereupon the seven years of fruitfulness 1 CONT 23 were accomplished, of which Joseph spake to Pharaoh. An 1 CONC d Judah acknowledged that the deed which he had done was ev 1 CONC il, for he had lain with his daughter-in-law, and he esteem 1 CONC ed it hateful in his eyes, and he acknowledged that he ha 1 CONC d transgressed and gone astray, for he had uncovered the sk 1 CONC irt of his son, and he began to lament and to supplicate be 1 CONC fore the Lord because of his transgression. 1 CONT 24 And we told him in a dream that it was forgiven him beca 1 CONC use he supplicated earnestly, and lamented, 1 CONT 25 and did not again commit it. And he received forgivenes 1 CONC s because he turned from his sin and from his ignorance, fo 1 CONC r he transgressed greatly before our God; and every one tha 1 CONC t acts thus, every one who lies with his mother-in-law, le 1 CONC t them burn him with fire that he may burn therein, for the 1 CONC re is 1 CONT 26 uncleanness and pollution upon them, with fire let the 1 CONC m burn them. And do thou command the children of Israel tha 1 CONC t there be no uncleanness amongst them, for every one who l 1 CONC ies with his daughter-in-law or with his mother-in-law hat 1 CONC h wrought uncleanness; with fire let them burn the man wh 1 CONC o has lain with her, and likewise the woman, and He will tu 1 CONC rn away wrath and punishment 1 CONT 27 from Israel. And unto Judah we said that his two sons ha 1 CONC d not lain with her, and for this reason 1 CONT 28 his seed was stablished for a second generation, and wou 1 CONC ld not be rooted out. For in singleness of eye he had gon 1 CONC e and sought for punishment, namely, according to the judgm 1 CONC ent of Abraham, which he had commanded his sons, Judah ha 1 CONC d sought to burn her with fire. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 42] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the first year of the third week of the forty-fift 1 CONC h jubilee the famine began to come into the [2171 A.M.] 1 CONT 2 land, and the rain refused to be given to the earth, fo 1 CONC r none whatever fell. And the earth grew barren, but in th 1 CONC e land of Egypt there was food, for Joseph had gathered th 1 CONC e seed of the land in the 1 CONT 3 seven years of plenty and had preserved it. And the Egypt 1 CONC ians came to Joseph that he might give them food, and he op 1 CONC ened the store-houses where was the grain of the first year 1 CONC , and he sold it to 1 CONT 4 the people of the land for gold. , and Jacob heard that t 1 CONC here was food in Egypt, and he sent his ten sons that the 1 CONC y should procure food for him in Egypt; but Benjamin he di 1 CONC d not send, and arrived among those 1 CONT 5 that went (there). And Joseph recognised them, but they d 1 CONC id not recognise him, and he spake unto them and questione 1 CONC d them, and he said unto them; 'Are ye not spies and have y 1 CONC e not come to 1 CONT 6 explore the approaches of the land? 'And he put them in w 1 CONC ard. And after that he set them free 1 CONT 7 again, and detained Simeon alone and sent off his nine br 1 CONC others. And he filled their sacks with corn, 1 CONT 8 and he put their gold in their sacks, and they did not kn 1 CONC ow. And he commanded them to bring 1 CONT 9 their younger brother, for they had told him their fathe 1 CONC r was living and their younger brother. And they went up fr 1 CONC om the land of Egypt and they came to the land of Canaan; a 1 CONC nd they told their father all that had befallen them, and h 1 CONC ow the lord of the country had spoken roughly to them, and 1 CONT 10 had seized Simeon till they should bring Benjamin. And J 1 CONC acob said: 'Me have ye bereaved of my children! Joseph is n 1 CONC ot and Simeon also is not, and ye will take Benjamin away 1 CONC . On me has your 1 CONT 11 wickedness come. 'And he said: 'My son will not go dow 1 CONC n with you lest perchance he fall sick; for their mother ga 1 CONC ve birth to two sons, and one has perished, and this one al 1 CONC so ye will take from me. If perchance he took a fever on th 1 CONC e road, ye would bring down my old age with sorrow unto dea 1 CONC th.' 1 CONT 12 For he saw that their money had been returned to every m 1 CONC an in his sack, and for this reason he 1 CONT 13 feared to send him. And the famine increased and becam 1 CONC e sore in the land of Canaan, and in all lands save in th 1 CONC e land of Egypt, for many of the children of the Egyptian 1 CONC s had stored up their seed for food from the time when the 1 CONC y saw Joseph gathering seed together and putting it in stor 1 CONC ehouses 1 CONT 14 and preserving it for the years of famine. And the peopl 1 CONC e of Egypt fed themselves thereon during 1 CONT 15 the first year of their famine But when Israel saw tha 1 CONC t the famine was very sore in the land, and that there wa 1 CONC s no deliverance, he said unto his sons: 'Go again, and pro 1 CONC cure food for us that we die 1 CONT 16 not.' And they said: 'We shall not go; unless our younge 1 CONC st brother go with us, we shall not go.' 1 CONT 17 And Israel saw that if he did not send him with them, th 1 CONC ey should all perish by reason of the famine 1 CONT 18 And Reuben said: 'Give him into my hand, and if I do no 1 CONC t bring him back to thee, slay my two 1 CONT 19 sons instead of his soul.' And he said unto him: 'He sha 1 CONC ll not go with thee.' And Judah came near and said: 'Send h 1 CONC im with me, and if I do not bring him back to thee, let m 1 CONC e bear the blame before 1 CONT 20 thee all the days of my life.' And he sent him with the 1 CONC m in the second year of this week on the [2172 A.m.] firs 1 CONC t day of the month, and they came to the land of Egypt wit 1 CONC h all those who went, and (they had) 1 CONT 21 presents in their hands, stacte and almonds and terebint 1 CONC h nuts and pure honey. And they went and stood before Josep 1 CONC h, and he saw Benjamin his brother, and he knew him, and sa 1 CONC id unto them: Is this your youngest brother?' And they sai 1 CONC d unto him: 'It is he.' And he said The Lord be 1 CONT 22 gracious to thee, my son!' And he sent him into his hous 1 CONC e and he brought forth Simeon unto them and he made a feas 1 CONC t for them, and they presented to him the gift which they h 1 CONC ad brought in their 1 CONT 23 hands. And they eat before him and he gave them all a po 1 CONC rtion, but the portion of Benjamin was 1 CONT 24 seven times larger than that of any of theirs. And the 1 CONC y eat and drank and arose and remained with 1 CONT 25 their asses. And Joseph devised a plan whereby he migh 1 CONC t learn their thoughts as to whether thoughts of peace prev 1 CONC ailed amongst them, and he said to the steward who was ove 1 CONC r his house: 'Fill all their sacks with food, and return th 1 CONC eir money unto them into their vessels, and my cup, the sil 1 CONC ver cup out of which I drink, put it in the sack of the you 1 CONC ngest, and send them away.' 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 43] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And he did as Joseph had told him, and filled all their s 1 CONC acks for them with food and put their 1 CONT 2 money in their sacks, and put the cup in Benjamin's sack 1 CONC . Aud early in the morning they departed, and it came to pa 1 CONC ss that, when they had gone from thence, Joseph said unto t 1 CONC he steward of his house: 'Pursue them, run and seize them 1 CONC , saying, "For good ye have requited me with evil; you hav 1 CONC e stolen from me the silver cup out of which my lord drinks 1 CONC ." And bring back to me their 1 CONT 3 youngest brother, and fetch (him) quickly before I go for 1 CONC th to my seat of judgment.' And he ran 1 CONT 4 after them and said unto them according to these words. A 1 CONC nd they said unto him: 'God forbid that thy servants shoul 1 CONC d do this thing, and steal from the house of thy lord any u 1 CONC tensil, and the money also which we found in our sacks th 1 CONC e first time, we thy servants brought back from the land of 1 CONT 5 Canaan. How then should we steal any utensil? Behold her 1 CONC e are we and our sacks search, and wherever thou findest th 1 CONC e cup in the sack of any man amongst us, let him be slain 1 CONC , and we and our 1 CONT 6 asses will serve thy lord.' And he said unto them: 'Not s 1 CONC o, the man with whom I find, him only 1 CONT 7 shall I take as a servant, and ye shall return in peace u 1 CONC nto your house.' And as he was searching in their vessels 1 CONC , beginning with the eldest and ending with the youngest, i 1 CONC t was found in Benjamin's 1 CONT 8 sack. And they rent their garments, and laded their asses 1 CONC , and returned to the city and came to the 1 CONT 9 house of Joseph, and they all bowed themselves on their f 1 CONC aces to the ground before him. And Joseph said unto them: ' 1 CONC Ye have done evil.' And they said: 'What shall we say and h 1 CONC ow shall we defend ourselves? Our lord hath discovered th 1 CONC e transgression of his servants; behold we are the 1 CONT 10 servants of our lord, and our asses also. 'And Joseph sa 1 CONC id unto them: 'I too fear the Lord; as for you, go ye to yo 1 CONC ur homes and let your brother be my servant, for ye have do 1 CONC ne evil. Know ye not 1 CONT 11 that a man delights in his cup as I with this cup? And y 1 CONC et ye have stolen it from me.' And Judah said: 'O my lord 1 CONC , let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word in my lord's e 1 CONC ar two brothers did thy servant's mother bear to our father 1 CONC : one went away and was lost, and hath not been found, an 1 CONC d he alone is left of his mother, and thy servant our fathe 1 CONC r loves him, and his life also is bound up with 1 CONT 12 the life of this (lad). And it will come to pass, when w 1 CONC e go to thy servant our father, and the lad is 1 CONT 13 not with us, that he will die, and we shall bring down o 1 CONC ur father with sorrow unto death. Now rather let me, thy se 1 CONC rvant, abide instead of the boy as a bondsman unto my lord 1 CONC , and let the lad go with his brethren, for I became suret 1 CONC y for him at the hand of thy servant our father, and if I d 1 CONC o not 1 CONT 14 bring him back, thy servant will hear the blame to our f 1 CONC ather for ever.' And Joseph saw that they were all accordan 1 CONC t in goodness one with another, and he could not refrain hi 1 CONC mself, and he told them 1 CONT 15 that he was Joseph. And he conversed with them in the He 1 CONC brew tongue and fell on their neck and 1 CONT 16 wept. But they knew him not and they began to weep. An 1 CONC d he said unto them: 'Weep not over me, but hasten and brin 1 CONC g my father to me; and ye see that it is my mouth that spea 1 CONC keth and the 1 CONT 17 eyes of my brother Benjamin see. For behold this is th 1 CONC e second year of the famine, and there are 1 CONT 18 still five years without harvest or fruit of trees or pl 1 CONC oughing. Come down quickly ye and your households, so tha 1 CONC t ye perish not through the famine, and do not be grieved f 1 CONC or your possessions, for 1 CONT 19 the Lord sent me before you to set things in order tha 1 CONC t many people might live. And tell my father that I am stil 1 CONC l alive, and ye, behold, ye see that the Lord has made me a 1 CONC s a father to Pharaoh, 1 CONT 20 and ruler over his house and over all the land of Egypt 1 CONC . And tell my father of all my glory, and 1 CONT 21 all the riches and glory that the Lord hath given me.' A 1 CONC nd by the command of the mouth of Pharaoh he gave them char 1 CONC iots and provisions for the way, and he gave them all many- 1 CONC coloured 1 CONT 21 raiment and silver. And to their father he sent raimen 1 CONC t and silver and ten asses which carried corn, 1 CONT 23 and he sent them away. And they went up and told their f 1 CONC ather that Joseph was alive, and was measuring out corn t 1 CONC o all the nations of the earth, and that he was ruler ove 1 CONC r all the land of Egypt. 1 CONT 24 And their father did not believe it, for he was beside h 1 CONC imself in his mind; but when he saw the wagons which Josep 1 CONC h had sent, the life of his spirit revived, and he said: 'I 1 CONC t is enough for me if Joseph lives; I will go down and se 1 CONC e him before I die.' 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 44] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And Israel took his journey from Haran from his house o 1 CONC n the new moon of the third month, and he went on the way o 1 CONC f the Well of the Oath, and he offered a sacrifice to the G 1 CONC od of his 1 CONT 2 father Isaac on the seventh of this month. And Jacob reme 1 CONC mbered the dream that he had seen 1 CONT 3 at Bethel, and he feared to go down into Egypt. And whil 1 CONC e he was thinking of sending word to Joseph to come to him 1 CONC , and that he would not go down, he remained there seven da 1 CONC ys, if 1 CONT 4 perchance he could see a vision as to whether he should r 1 CONC emain or go down. And he celebrated the harvest festival o 1 CONC f the first-fruits with old grain, for in all the land of C 1 CONC anaan there was not a handful of seed [in the land], for th 1 CONC e famine was over all the beasts and cattle and 1 CONT 5 birds, and also over man. And on the sixteenth the Lord a 1 CONC ppeared unto him, and said unto him, 'Jacob, Jacob'; and h 1 CONC e said, 'Here am I.' And He said unto him: 'I am the God o 1 CONC f thy fathers, the God of Abraham and Isaac; fear not to g 1 CONC o down into Egypt, for I will there make of thee 1 CONT 6 a great nation I will go down with thee, and I will brin 1 CONC g thee up (again), and in this land shalt thou be buried, a 1 CONC nd Joseph shall put his hands upon thy eyes. Fear not; go d 1 CONC own into Egypt.' 1 CONT 7 And his sons rose up, and his sons' sons, and they place 1 CONC d their father and their possessions upon 1 CONT 8 wagons. And Israel rose up from the Well of the Oath on t 1 CONC he sixteenth of this third month, and he 1 CONT 9 went to the land of Egypt. And Israel sent Judah before h 1 CONC im to his son Joseph to examine the Land of Goshen, for Jos 1 CONC eph had told his brothers that they should come and dwell t 1 CONC here that they 1 CONT 10 might be near him. And this was the goodliest (land) i 1 CONC n the land of Egypt, and near to him, for all 1 CONT 11 (of them) and also for the cattle. And these are the nam 1 CONC es of the sons of Jacob who went into 1 CONT 12 Egypt with Jacob their father Reuben, the First-born o 1 CONC f Israel; and these are the names of his 1 CONT 13 sons Enoch, and Pallu, and Hezron and Carmi-five. Simeo 1 CONC n and his sons; and these are the names of his sons: Jemuel 1 CONC , and Jamin, and Ohad, and Jachin, and Zohar, and Shaul, th 1 CONC e son 1 CONT 14 of the Zephathite woman-seven. Levi and his sons; and th 1 CONC ese are the names of his sons: Gershon, and Kohath, and Mer 1 CONC ari-four. Judah and his sons; and these are the names of hi 1 CONC s sons: 1 CONT 15 Shela, and Perez, and Zerah-four. Issachar and his sons 1 CONC ; and these are the names of his sons: 1 CONT 17 Tola, and Phua, and Jasub, and Shimron-five. Zebulon an 1 CONC d his sons; and these are the names of 1 CONT 18 his sons: Sered, and Elon, and Jahleel-four. And these a 1 CONC re the sons of Jacob and their sons whom Leah bore to Jaco 1 CONC b in Mesopotamia, six, and their one sister, Dinah and al 1 CONC l the souls of the sons of Leah, and their sons, who went w 1 CONC ith Jacob their father into Egypt, were twenty-nine, and Ja 1 CONC cob their 1 CONT 19 father being with them, they were thirty. And the sons o 1 CONC f Zilpah, Leah's handmaid, the wife of 1 CONT 20 Jacob, who bore unto Jacob Gad and Ashur. And there ar 1 CONC e the names of their sons who went with him into Egypt. Th 1 CONC e sons of Gad: Ziphion, and Haggi, and Shuni, and Ezbon, (a 1 CONC nd Eri, and Areli, 1 CONT 21 and Arodi-eight. And the sons of Asher: Imnah, and Ishva 1 CONC h, (and Ishvi), and Beriah, and Serah, 1 CONT 22,23 their one sister-six. All the souls were fourteen, an 1 CONC d all those of Leah were forty-four. And the 1 CONT 24 sons of Rachel, the wife of Jacob: Joseph and Benjamin 1 CONC . And there were born to Joseph in Egypt before his fathe 1 CONC r came into Egypt, those whom Asenath, daughter of Potipha 1 CONC r priest of Heliopolis 1 CONT 25 bare unto him, Manasseh, and Ephraim-three. And the son 1 CONC s of Benjamin: Bela and Becher and Ashbel, Gera, and Naaman 1 CONC , and Ehi, and Rosh, and Muppim, and Huppim, and Ard-eleven. 1 CONT 26,27 And all the souls of Rachel were fourteen. And the so 1 CONC ns of Bilhah, the handmaid of Rachel, the 1 CONT 28 wife of Jacob, whom she bare to Jacob, were Dan and Naph 1 CONC tali. And these are the names of their sons who went with t 1 CONC hem into Egypt. And the sons of Dan were Hushim, and Samon 1 CONC , and Asudi. 1 CONT 29 and 'Ijaka, and Salomon-six. And they died the year in w 1 CONC hich they entered into Egypt, and there 1 CONT 30 was left to Dan Hushim alone. And these are the names o 1 CONC f the sons of Naphtali Jahziel, and Guni 1 CONT 31 and Jezer, and Shallum, and 'Iv. And 'Iv, who was born a 1 CONC fter the years of famine, died in Egypt. 1 CONT 32,33 And all the souls of Rachel were twenty-six. And al 1 CONC l the souls of Jacob which went into Egypt were seventy sou 1 CONC ls. These are his children and his children's children, i 1 CONC n all seventy, but five died 1 CONT 34 in Egypt before Joseph, and had no children. And in th 1 CONC e land of Canaan two sons of Judah died, Er and Onan, and t 1 CONC hey had no children, and the children of Israel buried thos 1 CONC e who perished, and they were reckoned among the seventy Ge 1 CONC ntile nations. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 45] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And Israel went into the country of Egypt, into the lan 1 CONC d of Goshen, on the new moon of the fourth [2172 A.M]. 1 CONT 2 month, in the second year of the third week of the forty- 1 CONC fifth jubilee. And Joseph went to meet his 1 CONT 3 father Jacob, to the land of Goshen, and he fell on his f 1 CONC ather's neck and wept. And Israel said unto Joseph: 'Now le 1 CONC t me die since I have seen thee, and now may the Lord God o 1 CONC f Israel be blessed the God of Abraham and the God of Isaa 1 CONC c who hath not withheld His mercy and His grace from 1 CONT 4 His servant Jacob. It is enough for me that I have seen t 1 CONC hy face whilst I am yet alive; yea, true is the vision whic 1 CONC h I saw at Bethel. Blessed be the Lord my God for ever an 1 CONC d ever, and blessed be 1 CONT 5 His name.' And Joseph and his brothers eat bread before t 1 CONC heir father and drank wine, and Jacob rejoiced with exceedi 1 CONC ng great joy because he saw Joseph eating with his brother 1 CONC s and drinking before him, and he blessed the Creator of al 1 CONC l things who had preserved him, and had preserved for him h 1 CONC is 1 CONT 6 twelve sons. And Joseph had given to his father and to hi 1 CONC s brothers as a gift the right of dwelling in the land of G 1 CONC oshen and in Rameses and all the region round about, whic 1 CONC h he ruled over before Pharaoh. And Israel and his sons dwe 1 CONC lt in the land of Goshen, the best part of the land of Egypt 1 CONT 7 and Israel was one hundred and thirty years old when he c 1 CONC ame into Egypt. And Joseph nourished his father and his bre 1 CONC thren and also their possessions with bread as much as suff 1 CONC iced them for the 1 CONT 8 seven years of the famine. And the land of Egypt suffere 1 CONC d by reason of the famine, and Joseph acquired all the lan 1 CONC d of Egypt for Pharaoh in return for food, and he got posse 1 CONC ssion of the people 1 CONT 9 and their cattle and everything for Pharaoh. And the year 1 CONC s of the famine were accomplished, and Joseph gave to the p 1 CONC eople in the land seed and food that they might sow (the la 1 CONC nd) in the eighth 1 CONT 10 year, for the river had overflowed all the land of Egypt 1 CONC . For in the seven years of the famine it had (not) overflo 1 CONC wed and had irrigated only a few places on the banks of th 1 CONC e river, but now it overflowed 1 CONT 11 and the Egyptians sowed the land, and it bore much cor 1 CONC n that year. And this was the first year of [2178 A.M.] 1 CONT 12 the fourth week of the forty-fifth jubilee. And Joseph t 1 CONC ook of the corn of the harvest the fifth part for the kin 1 CONC g and left four parts for them for food and for seed, and J 1 CONC oseph made it an ordinance for 1 CONT 13 the land of Egypt until this day. And Israel lived in th 1 CONC e land of Egypt seventeen years, and all the days which h 1 CONC e lived were three jubilees, one hundred and forty-seven ye 1 CONC ars, and he died in the fourth [2188 A.M.] 1 CONT 14 year of the fifth week of the forty-fifth jubilee. And I 1 CONC srael blessed his sons before he died and told them everyth 1 CONC ing that would befall them in the land of Egypt; and he mad 1 CONC e known to them what would come upon them in the last days 1 CONC , and blessed them and gave to Joseph two portions in 1 CONT 15 the land. And he slept with his fathers, and he was buri 1 CONC ed in the double cave in the land of Canaan, near Abraham h 1 CONC is father in the grave which he dug for himself in the doub 1 CONC le cave in 1 CONT 16 the land of Hebron. And he gave all his books and the bo 1 CONC oks of his fathers to Levi his son that he might preserve t 1 CONC hem and renew them for his children until this day. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 46] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And it came to pass that after Jacob died the children o 1 CONC f Israel multiplied in the land of Egypt, and they becam 1 CONC e a great nation, and they were of one accord in heart, s 1 CONC o that brother loved brother and every man helped his broth 1 CONC er, and they increased abundantly and multiplied exceedingl 1 CONC y, ten [2242 A.M.] 1 CONT 2 weeks of years, all the days of the life of Joseph And th 1 CONC ere was no Satan nor any evil all the days of the life of J 1 CONC oseph which he lived after his father Jacob, for all the Eg 1 CONC yptians honoured the children 1 CONT 3 of Israel all the days of the life of Joseph. And Josep 1 CONC h died being a hundred and ten years old; seventeen years h 1 CONC e lived in the land of Canaan, and ten years he was a serva 1 CONC nt, and three years in 1 CONT 4 prison, and eighty years he was under the king, ruling al 1 CONC l the land of Egypt. And he died and all 1 CONT 5 his brethren and all that generation. And he commanded th 1 CONC e children of Israel before he died that 1 CONT 6 they should carry his bones with them when they went fort 1 CONC h from the land of Egypt. And he made them swear regardin 1 CONC g his bones, for he knew that the Egyptians would not agai 1 CONC n bring forth and bury him in the land of Canaan, for Makam 1 CONC aron, king of Canaan, while dwelling in the land of Assyria 1 CONC , fought in the valley with the king of Egypt and slew hi 1 CONC m there, and pursued after the 1 CONT 7 Egyptians to the gates of 'Ermon. But he was not able t 1 CONC o enter, for another, a new king, had become king of Egypt 1 CONC , and he was stronger than he, and he returned to the lan 1 CONC d of Canaan, and the gates of 1 CONT 8 Egypt were closed, and none went out and none came into E 1 CONC gypt. And Joseph died in the forty-sixth jubilee, in the si 1 CONC xth week, in the second year, and they buried him in the la 1 CONC nd of Egypt, and [2242 A.M.] 1 CONT 9 all his brethren died after him. And the king of Egypt we 1 CONC nt forth to war with the king of Canaan [2263 A.M.] in th 1 CONC e forty-seventh jubilee, in the second week in the second y 1 CONC ear, and the children of Israel brought forth all the bone 1 CONC s of the children of Jacob save the bones of Joseph, and th 1 CONC ey buried them in the 1 CONT 10 field in the double cave in the mountain. And the most ( 1 CONC of them) returned to Egypt, but a few of 1 CONT 11 them remained in the mountains of Hebron, and Amram th 1 CONC y father remained with them. And the 1 CONT 12 king of Canaan was victorious over the king of Egypt, an 1 CONC d he closed the gates of Egypt. And he devised an evil devi 1 CONC ce against the children of Israel of afflicting them and h 1 CONC e said unto the people of 1 CONT 13 Egypt: 'Behold the people of the children of Israel hav 1 CONC e increased and multiplied more than we. Come and let us de 1 CONC al wisely with them before they become too many, and let u 1 CONC s afflict them with slavery before war come upon us and bef 1 CONC ore they too fight against us; else they will join themselv 1 CONC es unto our enemies and get them up out of our land, for th 1 CONC eir hearts and faces are towards the land 1 CONT 14 of Canaan.' And he set over them taskmasters to afflic 1 CONC t them with slavery; and they built strong cities for Phara 1 CONC oh, Pithom, and Raamses and they built all the walls and al 1 CONC l the fortifications which 1 CONT 15 had fallen in the cities of Egypt. And they made them se 1 CONC rve with rigour, and the more they dealt evilly with them 1 CONC , the more they increased and multiplied. And the people o 1 CONC f Egypt abominated the children of Israel 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 47] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the seventh week, in the seventh year, in the fort 1 CONC y-seventh jubilee, thy father went forth [2303 A.M.] from t 1 CONC he land of Canaan, and thou wast born in the fourth week, i 1 CONC n the sixth year thereof, in the [2330 A.M.] 1 CONT 2 forty-eighth jubilee; this was the time of tribulation o 1 CONC n the children of Israel. And Pharaoh, king of Egypt, issue 1 CONC d a command regarding them that they should cast all thei 1 CONC r male children which were 1 CONT 3 born into the river. And they cast them in for seven mont 1 CONC hs until the day that thou wast born 1 CONT 4 And thy mother hid thee for three months, and they told r 1 CONC egarding her. And she made an ark for thee, and covered i 1 CONC t with pitch and asphalt, and placed it in the flags on th 1 CONC e bank of the river, and she placed thee in it seven days 1 CONC , and thy mother came by night and suckled thee, and by day 1 CONT 5 Miriam, thy sister, guarded thee from the birds. And in t 1 CONC hose days Tharmuth, the daughter of Pharaoh, came to bath 1 CONC e in the river, and she heard thy voice crying, and she tol 1 CONC d her maidens to 1 CONT 6 bring thee forth, and they brought thee unto her. And sh 1 CONC e took thee out of the ark, and she had 1 CONT 7 compassion on thee. And thy sister said unto her: 'Shal 1 CONC l I go and call unto thee one of the 1 CONT 8 Hebrew women to nurse and suckle this babe for thee?' An 1 CONC d she said (unto her): 'Go.' And she 1 CONT 9 went and called thy mother Jochebed, and she gave her wag 1 CONC es, and she nursed thee. And afterwards, when thou wast gro 1 CONC wn up, they brought thee unto the daughter of Pharaoh, an 1 CONC d thou didst become her son, and Amram thy father taught th 1 CONC ee writing, and after thou hadst completed three weeks 1 CONT 10 they brought thee into the royal court. And thou wast th 1 CONC ree weeks of years at court until the time [2351-] when tho 1 CONC u didst go forth from the royal court and didst see an Egyp 1 CONC tian smiting thy friend who was [2372 A.M.] 1 CONT 11 of the children of Israel, and thou didst slay him and h 1 CONC ide him in the sand. And on the second day thou didst and t 1 CONC wo of the children of Israel striving together, and thou di 1 CONC dst say to him who was 1 CONT 12 doing the wrong: 'Why dost thou smite thy brother?' An 1 CONC d he was angry and indignant, and said: 'Who made thee a pr 1 CONC ince and a judge over us? Thinkest thou to kill me as tho 1 CONC u killedst the Egyptian yesterday?' And thou didst fear an 1 CONC d flee on account of these words. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 48] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And in the sixth year of the third week of the forty-nint 1 CONC h jubilee thou didst depart and dwell (in [2372 A.M.] the l 1 CONC and of Midian, five weeks and one year. And thou didst retu 1 CONC rn into Egypt in the second week 1 CONT 2 in the second year in the fiftieth jubilee. And thou thys 1 CONC elf knowest what He spake unto thee on [2410 A.M.] Mount Si 1 CONC nai, and what prince Mastema desired to do with thee when t 1 CONC hou wast returning into Egypt 1 CONT 3 . Did he not with all his power seek to slay thee and del 1 CONC iver the Egyptians out of thy hand when he saw that thou wa 1 CONC st sent to execute 1 CONT 4 judgment and vengeance on the Egyptians? And I delivere 1 CONC d thee out of his hand, and thou didst perform the signs an 1 CONC d wonders which thou wast sent to perform in Egypt agains 1 CONC t Pharaoh, and 1 CONT 5 against all his house, and against his servants and his p 1 CONC eople. And the Lord executed a great vengeance on them fo 1 CONC r Israel's sake, and smote them through (the plagues of) bl 1 CONC ood and frogs, lice and dog-flies, and malignant boils brea 1 CONC king forth in blains; and their cattle by death; and by hai 1 CONC l-stones, thereby He destroyed everything that grew for the 1 CONC m; and by locusts which devoured the residue which had bee 1 CONC n left by the hail, and by darkness; and (by the death) o 1 CONC f the first-born of 1 CONT 6 men and animals, and on all their idols the Lord took ven 1 CONC geance and burned them with fire And everything was sent th 1 CONC rough thy hand, that thou shouldst declare (these things) b 1 CONC efore they were done, and thou didst speak with the king o 1 CONC f Egypt before all his servants and before his people 1 CONT 7 And everything took place according to thy words; ten gre 1 CONC at and terrible judgments came on the 1 CONT 8 land of Egypt that thou mightest execute vengeance on i 1 CONC t for Israel. And the Lord did everything for Israel's sake 1 CONC , and according to His covenant, which he had ordained wit 1 CONC h Abraham that He 1 CONT 9 would take vengeance on them as they had brought them b 1 CONC y force into bondage. And the prince Mastema stood up again 1 CONC st thee, and sought to cast thee into the hands of Pharaoh 1 CONC , and he helped 1 CONT 10 the Egyptian sorcerers, and they stood up and wrought be 1 CONC fore thee the evils indeed we permitted 1 CONT 11 them to work, but the remedies we did not allow to be wr 1 CONC ought by their hands. And the Lord smote them with malignan 1 CONC t ulcers, and they were not able to stand, for we destroye 1 CONC d them so that 1 CONT 12 they could not perform a single sign. And notwithstandin 1 CONC g all (these) signs and wonders the prince Mastema was no 1 CONC t put to shame because he took courage and cried to the Egy 1 CONC ptians to pursue after thee with all the powers of the Egyp 1 CONC tians, with their chariots, and with their horses, and wit 1 CONC h all the 1 CONT 13 hosts of the peoples of Egypt. And I stood between the E 1 CONC gyptians and Israel, and we delivered Israel out of his han 1 CONC d, and out of the hand of his people, and the Lord brough 1 CONC t them through the 1 CONT 14 midst of the sea as if it were dry land. And all the peo 1 CONC ples whom he brought to pursue after Israel, the Lord our G 1 CONC od cast them into the midst of the sea, into the depths o 1 CONC f the abyss beneath the children of Israel, even as the peo 1 CONC ple of Egypt had cast their children into the river He too 1 CONC k vengeance on 1,000,000 of them, and one thousand strong a 1 CONC nd energetic men were destroyed on 1 CONT 15 account of one suckling of the children of thy people wh 1 CONC ich they had thrown into the river. And on the fourteenth d 1 CONC ay and on the fifteenth and on the sixteenth and on the sev 1 CONC enteenth and on the eighteenth the prince Mastema was boun 1 CONC d and imprisoned behind the children of Israel that he 1 CONT 16 might not accuse them. And on the nineteenth we let the 1 CONC m loose that they might help the 1 CONT 17 Egyptians and pursue the children of Israel. And he hard 1 CONC ened their hearts and made them stubborn, and the device wa 1 CONC s devised by the Lord our God that He might smite the Egypt 1 CONC ians and 1 CONT 18 cast them into the sea. And on the fourteenth we bound h 1 CONC im that he might not accuse the children of Israel on the d 1 CONC ay when they asked the Egyptians for vessels and garments 1 CONC , vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and vessels of br 1 CONC onze, in order to despoil the Egyptians in return for the b 1 CONC ondage in 1 CONT 19 which they had forced them to serve. And we did not lea 1 CONC d forth the children of Israel from Egypt empty handed. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 49] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 Remember the commandment which the Lord commanded thee co 1 CONC ncerning the passover, that thou shouldst celebrate it in i 1 CONC ts season on the fourteenth of the first month, that thou s 1 CONC houldst kill it before it is evening, and that they shoul 1 CONC d eat it by night on the evening of the fifteenth from the 1 CONT 2 time of the setting of the sun. For on this night -the be 1 CONC ginning of the festival and the beginning of the joy- ye we 1 CONC re eating the passover in Egypt, when all the powers of Mas 1 CONC tema had been let loose to slay all the first-born in the l 1 CONC and of Egypt, from the first-born of Pharaoh to the first-b 1 CONC orn 1 CONT 3 of the captive maid-servant in the mill, and to the cattl 1 CONC e. And this is the sign which the Lord gave them: Into ever 1 CONC y house on the lintels of which they saw the blood of a lam 1 CONC b of the first year, into (that) house they should not ente 1 CONC r to slay, but should pass by (it), that all those should b 1 CONC e saved that 1 CONT 4 were in the house because the sign of the blood was on it 1 CONC s lintels. And the powers of the Lord did everything accord 1 CONC ing as the Lord commanded them, and they passed by all th 1 CONC e children of Israel, and the plague came not upon them t 1 CONC o destroy from amongst them any soul either of cattle, or 1 CONT 5 man, or dog. And the plague was very grievous in Egypt, a 1 CONC nd there was no house in Egypt 1 CONT 6 where there was not one dead, and weeping and lamentation 1 CONC . And all Israel was eating the flesh of the paschal lamb 1 CONC , and drinking the wine, and was lauding, and blessing, an 1 CONC d giving thanks to the Lord God of their fathers, and was r 1 CONC eady to go forth from under the yoke of Egypt, and from 1 CONT 7 the evil bondage. And remember thou this day all the day 1 CONC s of thy life, and observe it from year to year all the day 1 CONC s of thy life, once a year, on its day, according to all th 1 CONC e law thereof, and do not 1 CONT 8 adjourn (it) from day to day, or from month to month. Fo 1 CONC r it is an eternal ordinance, and engraven on the heavenl 1 CONC y tablets regarding all the children of Israel that they sh 1 CONC ould observe it every year on its day once a year, througho 1 CONC ut all their generations; and there is no limit of days, fo 1 CONC r this is ordained 1 CONT 9 for ever. And the man who is free from uncleanness, and d 1 CONC oes not come to observe it on occasion of its day, so as t 1 CONC o bring an acceptable offering before the Lord, and to ea 1 CONC t and to drink before the Lord on the day of its festival 1 CONC , that man who is clean and close at hand shall be cut off 1 CONC : because he offered not the oblation of the Lord in its ap 1 CONC pointed season, he shall take the guilt upon himself. 1 CONT 10 Let the children of Israel come and observe the passove 1 CONC r on the day of its fixed time, on the fourteenth day of th 1 CONC e first month, between the evenings, from the third part o 1 CONC f the day to the third part of 1 CONT 1 the night, for two portions of the day are given to the l 1 CONC ight, and a third part to the evening. This 1 CONT 12 is that which the Lord commanded thee that thou shoulds 1 CONC t observe it between the evenings. And it is not permissibl 1 CONC e to slay it during any period of the light, but during th 1 CONC e period bordering on the evening, and let them eat it at t 1 CONC he time of the evening, until the third part of the night 1 CONC , and whatever is left over of all its flesh from the thir 1 CONC d part of the night and onwards, let them burn 1 CONT 13 it with fire. And they shall not cook it with water, no 1 CONC r shall they eat it raw, but roast on the fire: they shal 1 CONC l eat it with diligence, its head with the inwards thereo 1 CONC f and its feet they shall roast with fire, and not break an 1 CONC y bone thereof; for of the children of Israel no bone shal 1 CONC l be crushed. 1 CONT 14 For this reason the Lord commanded the children of Israe 1 CONC l to observe the passover on the day of its fixed time, an 1 CONC d they shall not break a bone thereof; for it is a festiva 1 CONC l day, and a day commanded, and there may be no passing ove 1 CONC r from day to day, and month to month, but on the day of its 1 CONT 15 festival let it be observed. And do thou command the chi 1 CONC ldren of Israel to observe the passover throughout their da 1 CONC ys, every year, once a year on the day of its fixed time, a 1 CONC nd it shall come for a memorial well pleasing before the Lo 1 CONC rd, and no plague shall come upon them to slay or to smit 1 CONC e in that year in which they celebrate the passover in it 1 CONC s season in every respect according to His 1 CONT 16 command. And they shall not eat it outside the sanctuar 1 CONC y of the Lord, but before the sanctuary of the Lord, and al 1 CONC l the people of the congregation of Israel shall celebrat 1 CONC e it in its appointed season. 1 CONT 17 And every man who has come upon its day shall eat it i 1 CONC n the sanctuary of your God before the Lord from twenty yea 1 CONC rs old and upward; for thus is it written and ordained tha 1 CONC t they should eat it 1 CONT 18 in the sanctuary of the Lord. And when the children of I 1 CONC srael come into the land which they are to possess, into th 1 CONC e land of Canaan, and set up the tabernacle of the Lord i 1 CONC n the midst of the land in one of their tribes until the sa 1 CONC nctuary of the Lord has been built in the land, let them co 1 CONC me and celebrate the passover in the midst of the tabernacl 1 CONC e of the Lord, and let them slay it 1 CONT 19 before the Lord from year to year. And in the days whe 1 CONC n the house has been built in the name of the Lord in the l 1 CONC and of their inheritance, they shall go there and slay th 1 CONC e passover in the evening, at 1 CONT 20 sunset, at the third part of the day. And they shall off 1 CONC er its blood on the threshold of the altar, and shall plac 1 CONC e its fat on the fire which is upon the altar, and they sha 1 CONC ll eat its flesh roasted 1 CONT 21 with fire in the court of the house which has been sanct 1 CONC ified in the name of the Lord. And they may not celebrate t 1 CONC he passover in their cities, nor in any place save before t 1 CONC he tabernacle of the Lord, or before His house where His na 1 CONC me hath dwelt; and they shall not go astray from the Lord. 1 CONT 22 And do thou, Moses, command the children of Israel to ob 1 CONC serve the ordinances of the passover, as it was commanded u 1 CONC nto thee; declare thou unto them every year and the day o 1 CONC f its days, and the festival of unleavened bread, that the 1 CONC y should eat unleavened bread seven days, (and) that they s 1 CONC hould observe its festival, and that they bring an oblatio 1 CONC n every day during those seven days of 1 CONT 23 joy before the Lord on the altar of your God. For ye cel 1 CONC ebrated this festival with haste when ye went forth from Eg 1 CONC ypt till ye entered into the wilderness of Shur; for on th 1 CONC e shore of the sea ye completed it. 1 CONT 1 CONT [Chapter 50] 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 And after this law I made known to thee the days of the S 1 CONC abbaths in the desert of Sin[ai], which 1 CONT 2 is between Elim and Sinai. And I told thee of the Sabbath 1 CONC s of the land on Mount Sinai, and I told thee of the jubile 1 CONC e years in the sabbaths of years: but the year thereof hav 1 CONC e I not told thee till ye 1 CONT 3 enter the land which ye are to possess. And the land als 1 CONC o shall keep its sabbaths while they dwell 1 CONT 4 upon it, and they shall know the jubilee year. Wherefor 1 CONC e I have ordained for thee the year-weeks and the years an 1 CONC d the jubilees: there are forty-nine jubilees from the day 1 CONC s of Adam until this day, [2410 A.M.] and one week and tw 1 CONC o years: and there are yet forty years to come (lit. 'dista 1 CONC nt') for learning the [2450 A.M.] commandments of the Lord 1 CONC , until they pass over into the land of Canaan, crossing th 1 CONC e Jordan to the 1 CONT 5 west. And the jubilees shall pass by, until Israel is cle 1 CONC ansed from all guilt of fornication, and uncleanness, and p 1 CONC ollution, and sin, and error, and dwells with confidence i 1 CONC n all the land, and there shall be no more a Satan or any e 1 CONC vil one, and the land shall be clean from that time for eve 1 CONC rmore. 1 CONT 6 And behold the commandment regarding the Sabbaths -I hav 1 CONC e written (them) down for thee- 1 CONT 7 and all the judgments of its laws. Six days shalt thou la 1 CONC bour, but on the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord you 1 CONC r God. In it ye shall do no manner of work, ye and your son 1 CONC s, and your men- 1 CONT 8 servants and your maid-servants, and all your cattle an 1 CONC d the sojourner also who is with you. And the man that doe 1 CONC s any work on it shall die: whoever desecrates that day, wh 1 CONC oever lies with (his) wife, or whoever says he will do some 1 CONC thing on it, that he will set out on a journey thereon in r 1 CONC egard to any buying or selling: and whoever draws water the 1 CONC reon which he had not prepared for himself on the sixth day 1 CONC , and whoever takes up any burden to carry it out of his te 1 CONC nt or out of his house 1 CONT 9 shall die. Ye shall do no work whatever on the Sabbath da 1 CONC y save what ye have prepared for yourselves on the sixth da 1 CONC y, so as to eat, and drink, and rest, and keep Sabbath fro 1 CONC m all work on that day, and to bless the Lord your God, wh 1 CONC o has given you a day of festival and a holy day: and 1 CONT 10 a day of the holy kingdom for all Israel is this day amo 1 CONC ng their days for ever. For great is the honour which the L 1 CONC ord has given to Israel that they should eat and drink an 1 CONC d be satisfied on this festival day, and rest thereon fro 1 CONC m all labour which belongs to the labour of the children o 1 CONC f men save burning frankincense and bringing oblations an 1 CONC d sacrifices before the Lord for days and for 1 CONT 11 Sabbaths. This work alone shall be done on the Sabbath-d 1 CONC ays in the sanctuary of the Lord your God; that they may at 1 CONC one for Israel with sacrifice continually from day to day f 1 CONC or a memorial well-pleasing before the Lord, and that He ma 1 CONC y receive them always from day to day according as thou 1 CONT 12 hast been commanded. And every man who does any work the 1 CONC reon, or goes a journey, or tills (his) farm, whether in hi 1 CONC s house or any other place, and whoever lights a fire, or r 1 CONC ides on any beast, or travels by ship on the sea, and whoev 1 CONC er strikes or kills anything, or slaughters a beast or a bi 1 CONC rd, or 1 CONT 13 whoever catches an animal or a bird or a fish, or whoeve 1 CONC r fasts or makes war on the Sabbaths: The man who does an 1 CONC y of these things on the Sabbath shall die, so that the chi 1 CONC ldren of Israel shall observe the Sabbaths according to th 1 CONC e commandments regarding the Sabbaths of the land, as it i 1 CONC s written in the tablets, which He gave into my hands tha 1 CONC t I should write out for thee the laws of the seasons, an 1 CONC d the seasons according to the division of their days. 1 CONT 1 CONT Herewith is completed the account of the division of the da 1 CONC ys. 0 @I4231@ INDI 1 NAME Muwatallis II /Of Khatti/ 2 GIVN Muwatallis II 2 SURN Of Khatti 2 NSFX king of The Hittites 1 NAME /Of Khatti/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Khatti 2 NSFX King Of The Hittites 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC Hattusas, Now, Bogazköy, Turkey 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1285 B.C. 2 PLAC Hattusas, Now, Bogazköy, Turkey 1 SOUR @S19@ 2 PAGE 73 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID EA39D8CA1B61457EBA1143A0D0FE2FBF6EE8 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 OBJE 2 FORM jpg 2 FILE MUWATT_small.jpg 2 NOTE Seal of Muwatalli II 2 _SCBK Y 2 _PRIM Y 2 _TYPE PHOTO 1 FAMS @F3683@ 1 FAMC @F78437@ 1 NOTE @NI4231@ 0 @NI4231@ NOTE 1 CONC Muwatallis became king of the Hittites about 1320 BC and ma 1 CONC de his son Hattusilis commander of the armies and governo 1 CONC r of the Upper Land. About 1300 BC a major military confron 1 CONC tation occurred at Kadesh between the empire of Egypt led b 1 CONC y Ramses II and the Hittites. Both sides claimed victory, b 1 CONC ut the result was a stand-off, which was ratified in a trea 1 CONC ty sixteen years later between Ramses II and Hattusilis III 1 CONC , who had replaced Urhi-Teshub after seven years of interna 1 CONC l strife. Hattusilis III mocked Assyrian King Adad-Nirar 1 CONC i I for calling himself Great King and his brother. 0 @I4240@ INDI 1 NAME Ednowain or Endywain // 2 GIVN Ednowain or Endywain 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 913 2 PLAC Pennant Melangel, Oswestry, Wales 1 DEAT Y 1 AFN FLLH5-HH 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 7F76C0AB6B3B431AB24C286C003D1A8FDB48 1 BAPL 2 DATE 7 Jun 1956 1 ENDL 2 DATE 5 Mar 1957 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F52330@ 1 FAMC @F6011@ 1 NOTE @NI4240@ 0 @NI4240@ NOTE 1 CONC Alt Ancestral Ref#: FLH5-L1 0 @I4241@ INDI 1 NAME Tudhaliyas IV /Of Khatti/ 2 GIVN Tudhaliyas IV 2 SURN Of Khatti 2 NSFX king of The Hittites 1 NAME /Of Khatti/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Khatti 2 NSFX King Of The Hittites 1 NAME Tudhaliya IV /Of Khatti/ 2 GIVN Tudhaliya IV 2 SURN Of Khatti 2 NSFX King Of The Hittites 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE Abt 1220 B.C. 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID D4FC5DB83B79413BAACA527E98AFD734AB8D 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 OBJE 2 FORM jpg 2 FILE Tudhalia IV seal.jpg 2 NOTE Tudhalia IV seal 2 _SCBK Y 2 _PRIM Y 2 _TYPE PHOTO 1 OBJE 2 FORM jpg 2 FILE Tudhalia IV.jpg 2 _SCBK Y 2 _TYPE PHOTO 1 FAMC @F22564@ 0 @I4244@ INDI 1 NAME Alba or Albanactus // 2 GIVN Alba or Albanactus 2 SOUR @S20@ 3 PAGE 113 3 QUAY 3 2 SOUR @S20@ 3 PAGE 123 3 QUAY 3 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 52A4987292D14BDB9942230A83D8C04AF642 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F62070@ 0 @I4251@ INDI 1 NAME Amytis /Of Medes/ 2 GIVN Amytis 2 SURN Of Medes 2 NSFX princess of Medes 1 NAME Amyitis // 2 GIVN Amyitis 2 SURN 1 NAME /Of Medes/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Medes 2 NSFX Princess Of Medes 1 SEX F 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN Hanging Gardens 2 TYPE Notes 2 NOTE "For centuries, the coolest spot (literally and otherwise 3 CONC ) in beautiful downtown Babylon was the Hanging Gardens, on 3 CONC e of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Queen Semirami 3 CONC s often gets credit for their creation, but like the Taj Ma 3 CONC hal, the gardens were built by a man for the love of a woma 3 CONC n. Amytis, a Mede who married King Nebuchadnezzar and becam 3 CONC e queen of Babylon, longed for the green hills of home, s 3 CONC o the king set about giving her the sixth-century B.C. vers 3 CONC ion of virtual reality. The gardens might have looked lik 3 CONC e a soft emerald ziggurat, the stepped pyramids Babylonian 3 CONC s were good at making. After the burning flatness of Babylo 3 CONC n, Amythis probably called its fountains, flowers, and frag 3 CONC rant terraces a piece of paradise." Uppity Women of Ancien 3 CONC t Times by Vicki Leon, Barnes and Noble Books, New York, pa 3 CONC ge 13. 1 _UID 17B45A6D56B249D8804C18C18ECA12824C36 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F78464@ 1 FAMC @F84534@ 1 NOTE @NI4251@ 0 @NI4251@ NOTE 1 CONC Ancient Iraq by Georges Roux, Penguin: page 376. 0 @I4258@ INDI 1 NAME John /Tzimisces/ 2 GIVN John 2 SURN Tzimisces 1 NAME /Tzimisces/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Tzimisces 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE Jan 967 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID E6E0609044434F07BC47D666BBC5B16C6F52 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F3162@ 0 @I4298@ INDI 1 NAME Bjorn the Easterner /Mac Alpin/ 2 GIVN Bjorn the Easterner 2 SURN Mac Alpin 2 SOUR @S21@ 3 PAGE 75 3 QUAY 3 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 850 2 PLAC of Bjarnarhaven, Iceland 2 SOUR @S21@ 3 PAGE 75 3 QUAY 3 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID D9E5AC353793417BA4EB50EAA9B1C831414D 1 BAPL 2 DATE vik2 - Submitted 8 Feb 2005 (2) #2 1 ENDL 2 DATE vik2 - Submitted 8 Feb 2005 (2) #2 1 SLGC 2 DATE vik2 - Submitted 8 Feb 2005 (2) #2 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F8336@ 0 @I4323@ INDI 1 NAME Bêl-Shar-Usur or Belshazzar /Of Harran/ 2 GIVN Bêl-Shar-Usur or Belshazzar 2 SURN Of Harran 1 NAME /Of Harran/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Harran 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Bef 554 B.C. 1 DEAT 2 DATE Oct 539 B.C. 2 PLAC Battle of Opis, Babylon, Iraq 2 CAUS captured and killed by Cyrus, see Book fo Daniel 1 SOUR @S16@ 2 PAGE 282 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN Regent of Babylon 2 TYPE Titles 2 DATE Abt 554 B.C. 2 SOUR @S18@ 3 PAGE page 17 3 QUAY 3 1 _UID CCAF3EA971D5443B89B4A8468A1335769AEB 1 BAPL 2 DATE Biblical 1 ENDL 2 DATE Biblical 1 SLGC 2 DATE Biblical 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F3705@ 1 NOTE @NI4323@ 0 @NI4323@ NOTE 1 CONC Belshazzar 1 CONT d. c. 539 BC 1 CONT Neo-Babylonian Bel-shar-usur, Greek BALTASAR, OR BALTHASAR 1 CONC , coregent of Babylon who was killed at the capture of th 1 CONC e city by the Persians. 1 CONT Belshazzar had been known only from the biblical Book of Da 1 CONC niel (chapters 5, 7-8) and from Xenophon's Cyropaedia unti 1 CONC l 1854, when references to him were found in Babylonian cun 1 CONC eiform inscriptions. Though he is referred to in the Book o 1 CONC f Daniel as the son of Nebuchadrezzar, the Babylonian inscr 1 CONC iptions indicate that he was in fact the eldest son of Nabo 1 CONC nidus, who was king of Babylon from 555 to 539, and of Nito 1 CONC cris, who was perhaps a daughter of Nebuchadrezzar. When Na 1 CONC bonidus went into exile (550), he entrusted Belshazzar wit 1 CONC h the throne and the major part of his army. 1 CONT During his coregency Belshazzar administered the government 1 CONC , his own estates, and those of his father, though, accordi 1 CONC ng to the Book of Daniel, famine and economic setbacks occu 1 CONC rred late in his rule. According to the accounts in the Bib 1 CONC le and Xenophon, Belshazzar held a last great feast at whic 1 CONC h he saw a hand writing on a wall the following words in Ar 1 CONC amaic: "mene, mene, tekel, upharsin." The prophet Daniel, i 1 CONC nterpreting the handwriting on the wall as God's judgment o 1 CONC n the king, foretold the imminent destruction of the city 1 CONC . Belshazzar died after Babylon fell to the Persian genera 1 CONC l Gobyras without resistance on Oct. 12, 539, and probabl 1 CONC y before the Persian king Cyrus II entered the city 17 day 1 CONC s later. 1 CONT 1 CONT ---------------------------- 1 CONT Baltasar 1 CONT (Or, as found in the Septuagint Baltasár.) 1 CONT Baltasar is the Greek and Latin name for Belshazzar, whic 1 CONC h is the Hebrew equivalent for Bel i.e., "May Bel protect t 1 CONC he king". Bel was the chief and titular god of Babylon. I 1 CONC n Daniel, v, Baltasar is described as the son of Nabuchodon 1 CONC osor (A. V., Nebuchadnezzar) and the last King of Babylon 1 CONC . It is there narrated how the town was invaded-by the Mede 1 CONC s under Darius, as would seem from Dan., v, 18, 19-whilst t 1 CONC he king was giving a sumptuous feast to his nobles. The kin 1 CONC g himself was slain. The narrator further informs us that t 1 CONC he sacred vessels which Nabuchodonosor had carried with hi 1 CONC m from Jerusalem were defiled on that occasion. By order o 1 CONC f king Baltasar they were used during the banquet, and hi 1 CONC s wives and concubines drank out of them. In the midst of t 1 CONC he revelry a hand is seen writing on the wall the mysteriou 1 CONC s words Mane, Thecel, Phares (A. V., Mene, Tekel, Peres). T 1 CONC he king's counsellors and magicians are summoned to explai 1 CONC n the writing, but they fail to do so. The Queen then enter 1 CONC s the banquet hall and suggests that Daniel should be calle 1 CONC d for. Daniel reads and explains the words: the days of th 1 CONC e kingdom had been numbered; the king had been weighed in t 1 CONC he balance and had been found wanting; his kingdom would b 1 CONC e given to the Medes and the Persians. 1 CONT In the account given by Herodotus of the capture of Babylo 1 CONC n by the Persians under Cyrus, Labynitus II, son of Labynit 1 CONC us I and Nicotris, is named as the last King of Babylon. La 1 CONC bynitus is commonly held to be a corruption of Nabomidus. H 1 CONC erodotus further mentions that Cyrus, after laying siege t 1 CONC o the town, entered it by the bed of the Euphrates, havin 1 CONC g drained off its waters, and that the capture took place w 1 CONC hilst the Babylonians were feasting (Herod., I, 188-191). X 1 CONC enophon also mentions the siege, the draining of the Euphra 1 CONC tes, and the feast. He does not state the name of the king 1 CONC , but fastens on him the epithet "impious", ànódios. Accord 1 CONC ing to him, the king made a brave stand, defending himsel 1 CONC f with his sword, but was overpowered and slain by Gobrya 1 CONC s and Gadatas, the two generals of Cyrus (Cyrop., vii, 5) 1 CONC . The Chaldean priest Berosus names Nabonidus as the last K 1 CONC ing of Babylon and says that the city was taken in the seve 1 CONC nteenth year of his reign. We are further informed by him t 1 CONC hat Nabonidus went forth at the head of an army to oppose C 1 CONC yrus, that he gave battle, lost, and fled to Borsippa. In t 1 CONC his town he was besieged and forced to surrender. His lif 1 CONC e was spared, and an abode assigned to him in Karmania. (Pr 1 CONC of. C. P. Tiele, Babylonisch Gesch., 479; Euseb., Præp Ev. 1 CONC , ix, 41; Idem, Chron., i, 10, 3.) Josephus follows the Bib 1 CONC lical account. He remarks that Baltasar was called by the B 1 CONC abylonians Naboandelus, evidently a corruption of Nabonidus 1 CONC , and calls the queen, grandmother (è mámme) of the king. H 1 CONC e adheres to the Septuagint rendering in making the rewar 1 CONC d held out to Daniel to have been a third portion of the ki 1 CONC ngdom instead of the title, third ruler in the kingdom. Rab 1 CONC binical tradition has preserved nothing of historical value 1 CONC . 1 CONT The cuneiform inscriptions have thrown a new light on the p 1 CONC erson of Baltasar and the capture of Babylon. There is in t 1 CONC he first place the inscription of Nabonidus containing a pr 1 CONC ayer for his son: "And as for Bel my eldest son, the offspr 1 CONC ing of my body, the awe of thy great divinity fix thou firm 1 CONC ly in his heart that he may never fall into sin" (Records o 1 CONC f the Past, V, 148). It is commonly admitted that Bel is th 1 CONC e same as Belshazzar, or Baltasar. Dr. Strassmaier has publ 1 CONC ished three inscriptions which mention certain business tra 1 CONC nsactions of Bel They are the leasing of a house, the purch 1 CONC ase of wool, and the loan of a sum of money. They are date 1 CONC d respectively the fifth, eleventh, and twelfth year of Nab 1 CONC onidus. Of greater iimportance is the analytical tablet o 1 CONC n which is engraved an inscription by Cyrus summarizing th 1 CONC e more memorable events of the reign of Nabonidus and the c 1 CONC auses leading up to the conquest of Babylon. The first port 1 CONC ion of the tablet states that in the sixth year of Nabonidu 1 CONC s, Astyages (Istuvegu) was defeated by Cyrus, and that fro 1 CONC m the seventh till the eleventh year Nabonidus resided in T 1 CONC ema (a western suburb of Babylon) whilst the king's son wa 1 CONC s with the army in Accad, or Northern Babylonia. After thi 1 CONC s a lacuna occurs, owing to the tablet being broken. In th 1 CONC e second portion of the inscription we find Nabonidus himse 1 CONC lf at the head of his army in Accad near Sippar. The event 1 CONC s narrated occur in the seventeenth, or last, year of the k 1 CONC ing's reign.-"In the month of Tammuz [June] Cyrus gave batt 1 CONC le to the army of Accad. The men of Accad broke into revolt 1 CONC . On the 14th day the garrison of Sippar was taken withou 1 CONC t fighting. Nabonidus flies. On the 16th day Gobryas the go 1 CONC vernor of Gutium [Kurdistan] and the army of Cyrus entere 1 CONC d Babylon without a battle. Afterwards he takes Nabonidus a 1 CONC nd puts him into fetters in Babylon. On the 3rd day of Marc 1 CONC hesvan [October] Cyrus entered Babylon" (Sayce, Fresh Ligh 1 CONC t from the Ancient Monuments; Pinches, Capture of Babylon) 1 CONC . In addition to this tablet we have the Cyrus cylinder pub 1 CONC lished by Sir Henry Rawlinson in 1880. Cyrus pronounces a e 1 CONC ulogy upon his military exploits and assigns his triumph t 1 CONC o the intervention of the gods. Nabonidus had incurred thei 1 CONC r wrath by removing their images from the local shrines an 1 CONC d bringing them to Babylon. 1 CONT On comparing the inscriptions with the other accounts we fi 1 CONC nd that they substantially agree with the statement by Bero 1 CONC sus, but that they considerably differ from what is recorde 1 CONC d by Herodotus, Xenophon, and in the Book of Daniel. (1) Th 1 CONC e inscriptions do not mention the siege of Babylon recorde 1 CONC d by Herodotus and Xenophon. Cyrus says Gobryas his genera 1 CONC l took the town "without fighting". (2) Nabonidus (555-53 1 CONC 8 B.C.), and not Baltasar, as is stated in Daniel, was th 1 CONC e last King of Babylon. Baltasar, or Bel was the son of Nab 1 CONC onidus. Nor was Nabonidus or Baltasar a son or descendant o 1 CONC f Nabuchodonosor. Nabonidus was the son of Nebo and was a u 1 CONC surper of the throne. The family of Nabuchodonosor had com 1 CONC e to an end in the person of Evil who had been murdered b 1 CONC y Nergal his sister's husband. The controversy occasioned b 1 CONC y these differences between the conservative and modern sch 1 CONC ools of thought has not yet reached a conclusion. Scholar 1 CONC s of the former school still maintain the historical accura 1 CONC cy of the Book of Daniel, and explain the alleged discrepan 1 CONC cies with great ingenuity. They assume that Baltasar had be 1 CONC en associated with his father in the government, and that a 1 CONC s prince or co he could be described in authority and ran 1 CONC k as king. For this conjecture they seek support in the pro 1 CONC mise of Baltasar to make Daniel "third ruler" (D. V., "thir 1 CONC d prince") in the kingdom, from which they infer that he hi 1 CONC mself was the second. Professor R. D. Wilson, of Princeton 1 CONC , claims that the bearing of the title "King" by Baltasar w 1 CONC as in harmony with the usage of the time (Princeton Theol 1 CONC . Rev., 1904, April, July; 1905, January, April). The othe 1 CONC r discrepancy, namely, that Nabuchodonosor is called the fa 1 CONC ther of Baltasar (Dan., v. 2, 11, 18) they account for eith 1 CONC er by taking the word "father" in the wider sense of predec 1 CONC essor, or by the conjecture that Baltasar was his descendan 1 CONC t on the mother's side. 1 CONT On the other hand, the school of critics declines to accep 1 CONC t these explanations. They argue that Baltasar not less tha 1 CONC n Nabuchodonosor appears in Daniel as sole and supreme rule 1 CONC r of the State. While fully admitting the possibility tha 1 CONC t Baltasar acted as prince they can find no proof for thi 1 CONC s either in the classical authors or in the inscriptions. T 1 CONC he inference drawn from the promise of Baltasar to raise Da 1 CONC niel to the rank of a "third ruler" in the kingdom they reg 1 CONC ard as doubtful and uncertain. The Hebrew phrase may be ren 1 CONC dered "ruler of a third part of the kingdom". Thus the phra 1 CONC se would be parallel to the Greek term "tetrarch", i.e. rul 1 CONC er of a fourth part, or of a small portion of territory. Fo 1 CONC r this rendering they have the authority of the Septuagint 1 CONC , Josephus, and, as Dr. Adler informs us, of Jewish comment 1 CONC ators of repute (see Daniel in the Critics' Den, p. 26). Fu 1 CONC rthermore, they argue that the emphatic way in which Nabuch 1 CONC odonosor is designated as father of the king leads the read 1 CONC er to infer that the writer meant his words to be understoo 1 CONC d in the literal and obvious sense. Thus the queen, address 1 CONC ing Baltasar, thrice repeats the designation "the king th 1 CONC y father", meaning Nabuchodonosor: "And in the days of th 1 CONC y father light, knowledge and wisdom were found in him [Dan 1 CONC iel]: for King Nabuchodonosor thy father appointed him prin 1 CONC ce of the wise men, enchanters, Chaldeans, soothsayers, th 1 CONC y father, O King." 1 CONT SAYCE, The Higher Criticism and the Monuments (London, 1894 1 CONC ); KENNEDY, The Book of Daniel from the Christian Standpoin 1 CONC t (London, 1898); FARRAR, Daniel (London); ANDERSON, Danie 1 CONC l in the Critics' Den (London); ORR, The Problem of the O 1 CONC . T. (London, 1906); GIGOT, Special Introduction to the Stu 1 CONC dy of the O. T., pt. II, 366, 367, 369; ROGERS, A History o 1 CONC f Babylonia and Assyria (New York, 1902); TIELE, Babylonisc 1 CONC h Gesch., (Gotha, 1886). 1 CONT C. VAN DEN BIESEN 1 CONT Transcribed by WGKofron 1 CONT With thanks to St. Mary's Church, Akron, Ohio 1 CONT The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume II 1 CONT Copyright © 1907 by Robert Appleton Company 1 CONT Online Edition Copyright © 1999 by Kevin Knight 1 CONT Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York 0 @I4324@ INDI 1 NAME Haldita // 2 GIVN Haldita 1 SEX F 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID D17AE4E158194011844A42D07BE97BD06196 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F78463@ 1 NOTE @NI4324@ 0 @NI4324@ NOTE 1 CONC Ancient Iraq by George Roux, Penguin Books, page 406-407. 0 @I4326@ INDI 1 NAME Bardiya /Of Persia/ 2 GIVN Bardiya 2 SURN Of Persia 2 NSFX king of Persia 1 NAME /Of Persia/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Persia 2 NSFX King Of Persia 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 521 B.C. 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 785CAC8EBCC74412BF905F14BA73DC1ED0C6 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F84537@ 0 @I4333@ INDI 1 NAME Edwin /Ap Einion/ 2 GIVN Edwin 2 SURN Ap Einion 2 SOUR @S22@ 3 PAGE page 331 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME /Ap Einion/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Ap Einion 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 63D7450C9FC14C9EAEB613A12A9B82578B45 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F69356@ 0 @I4335@ INDI 1 NAME Tewdwr /Ap Einion/ 2 GIVN Tewdwr 2 SURN Ap Einion 2 SOUR @S22@ 3 PAGE page 331 3 QUAY 3 1 NAME /Ap Einion/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Ap Einion 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 5C81C6835A7B4FE599ED240E1883E39B0019 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F69356@ 0 @I4337@ INDI 1 NAME Iorweth /Ap Bleddyn/ 2 GIVN Iorweth 2 SURN Ap Bleddyn 1 NAME /Ap Bleddyn/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Ap Bleddyn 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S22@ 2 PAGE page 366 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 4A184D3434AF4BE9BC96DEDE706C9659D303 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F44882@ 0 @I4338@ INDI 1 NAME Rhiryd /Ap Bleddyn/ 2 GIVN Rhiryd 2 SURN Ap Bleddyn 1 NAME /Ap Bleddyn/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Ap Bleddyn 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S22@ 2 PAGE page 366 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID F9EC09E621D946BDA023E7B3EFC7D6B16B1C 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F44882@ 0 @I4339@ INDI 1 NAME Geoffrey Fitzrobert /Of Kells/ 2 GIVN Geoffrey Fitzrobert 2 SURN Of Kells 2 NPFX Sir 2 NSFX baron Kells 1 NAME /De Ridel/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN De Ridel 2 NSFX Baron of Blaye 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 1146 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 65DE5B47FF0F43A98A23A2E1F2EC646ABB43 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F80152@ 1 FAMC @F80153@ 0 @I4340@ INDI 1 NAME Madog /Ap Bleddyn/ 2 GIVN Madog 2 SURN Ap Bleddyn 1 NAME /Ap Bleddyn/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Ap Bleddyn 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S22@ 2 PAGE page 366 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 544910C06BCB475581A1317FDD2F9ACA81B6 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F44882@ 0 @I4380@ INDI 1 NAME Marozia // 2 GIVN Marozia 2 SOUR @S5@ 3 PAGE Table I House of Tusculum 3 QUAY 3 2 SOUR @S23@ 3 PAGE 223 3 QUAY 3 1 SEX F 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 958B7BB1E8A24B3BB938132F6A209D36EC28 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F44343@ 1 NOTE @NI4380@ 0 @NI4380@ NOTE 1 CONC Lover of Pope Sergius III of Tusculum (904-911) 0 @I4381@ INDI 1 NAME Rutpert II or Robert /Von Wormsgau/ 2 GIVN Rutpert II or Robert 2 SURN Von Wormsgau 2 NSFX count de Wormgau and Upper Rhein 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX Graf im der Thurgau, Breisgau, Zurichgau 1 NAME Rutbert II /De Wormsgau/ 2 GIVN Rutbert II 2 SURN De Wormsgau 2 NSFX Count De Wormgau & Upper Rhein 1 NAME /Von Wormsgau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Wormsgau 2 NSFX Count Of Oberheingau 1 NAME Rupert II Thorgau /Von Wormsgau/ 2 GIVN Rupert II Thorgau 2 SURN Von Wormsgau 2 NSFX count of Oberheingau 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 733 2 PLAC Saxony, Bavaria, Germany 2 SOUR @S24@ 3 PAGE line 48 p 50 3 QUAY 0 3 DATA 4 TEXT seen 770-807 1 DEAT 2 DATE 12 Jul 807 2 PLAC , , Germany 1 AFN 1RGT-Q1H 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Notes 2 NOTE From Michael Raffin 1 OCCU 2 NOTE Count In Wormsgau And In The Upper Rhine 1 _UID 6CA6B08C639A46F9B15CD4A59415B5F56320 1 BAPL 2 DATE 30 Sep 1992 2 TEMP SGEOR 1 ENDL 2 DATE 6 Oct 1992 2 TEMP SGEOR 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1665@ 1 FAMS @F10787@ 1 FAMS @F60419@ 1 FAMC @F60421@ 1 FAMC @F60420@ 0 @I4382@ INDI 1 NAME Heinrich I /Von Wormsgau/ 2 GIVN Heinrich I 2 SURN Von Wormsgau 2 NSFX count of Wettergau, Graf im der Oberheingau 1 NAME /Von Wormsgau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Wormsgau 2 NSFX Count Of Wettergau, Graf im der Oberheingau 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 759 1 DEAT 2 DATE 5 May 795 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 785A0F26D187439A88D4AE10EF3E7B2A282D 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1665@ 0 @I4384@ INDI 1 NAME Heinrich II /Von Oberheingau/ 2 GIVN Heinrich II 2 SURN Von Oberheingau 2 NSFX graf im der Oberheingau, Wettergau, Saargau 1 NAME /Von Oberheingau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Oberheingau 2 NSFX Graf im der Oberheingau, Wettergau, Saargau 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 793 1 DEAT 2 DATE Aft 823 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 321820217D0D4EEF8F196B3BA7A6ED15EF20 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1672@ 1 FAMC @F1669@ 0 @I4388@ INDI 1 NAME Poppo I /Von Oberheingau/ 2 GIVN Poppo I 2 SURN Von Oberheingau 2 NSFX graf im der Saargau 1 NAME /Von Oberheingau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Oberheingau 2 NSFX Graf im der Saargau 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 819 1 DEAT 2 DATE Aft 850 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID F3EABED3B87845C9829FE7CEFB949A50FB91 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1672@ 0 @I4390@ INDI 1 NAME Poppo II /Von Saargau/ 2 GIVN Poppo II 2 SURN Von Saargau 2 NSFX markGraf zu Sorbenmark 1 NAME /Von Saargau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Saargau 2 NSFX MarkGraf zu Sorbenmark 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 851 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 4BC102B69F4D4F4488363C9EFA5F41FA6F4F 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1676@ 0 @I4391@ INDI 1 NAME Poppo III /Von Saargau/ 2 GIVN Poppo III 2 SURN Von Saargau 2 NSFX count of Grabfeld 1 NAME /Von Saargau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Saargau 2 NSFX Count Of Grabfeld 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 882 1 DEAT 2 DATE 945 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID B740F62520FA4F558E1EA382B8D8AA1DF84D 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1678@ 0 @I4392@ INDI 1 NAME Hadaburg // 2 GIVN Hadaburg 1 SEX F 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 73890EE29E664677A358DFAED5E281AA17F0 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1672@ 0 @I4398@ INDI 1 NAME Angila // 2 GIVN Angila 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 735 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID E1297052A8AF4B879A334E950252C9440699 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1665@ 0 @I4402@ INDI 1 NAME Cancor // 2 GIVN Cancor 2 NPFX Lord 2 NSFX count of Wormsgau 1 NAME // 2 GIVN 2 SURN 2 NSFX Count Of Wormsgau 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID F389201B9FA84FE082877A8F14C59AE89A1B 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F60421@ 0 @I4408@ INDI 1 NAME Engelbert III /Von Chiemgau/ 2 GIVN Engelbert III 2 SURN Von Chiemgau 2 NSFX count of Chiemgau 1 NAME /Von Chiemgau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Chiemgau 2 NSFX Count Of Chiemgau 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Bef 960 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1020 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 44D5D81F86B04545BFD341024ED4DB45E711 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1717@ 1 FAMC @F81960@ 0 @I4413@ INDI 1 NAME Sieghard VII /Von Chiemgau/ 2 GIVN Sieghard VII 2 SURN Von Chiemgau 2 NSFX count of Ebersburg 1 NAME /Von Chiemgau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Chiemgau 2 NSFX Count Of Ebersburg 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 6096A6692B69488FB805C026D1A3AF84BAC1 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1717@ 0 @I4415@ INDI 1 NAME /Von Chiemgau/ 2 SURN Von Chiemgau 1 NAME /Von Chiemgau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Chiemgau 1 SEX F 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID D442B28B5D18434E8BD3B6D73B66E5AC76D1 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F81957@ 1 FAMC @F1717@ 0 @I4417@ INDI 1 NAME Engelbert IV /Von Chiemgau/ 2 GIVN Engelbert IV 2 SURN Von Chiemgau 2 NSFX count of Inngau 1 NAME /Von Chiemgau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Chiemgau 2 NSFX Count Of Inngau 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 2D0930F1FA004C859E0922E06172C381E2CD 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1717@ 0 @I4419@ INDI 1 NAME Egilolf /Von Bayern/ 2 GIVN Egilolf 2 SURN Von Bayern 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 27FEF51485D14B958CC7B0A971AB7AA046B5 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F1718@ 0 @I4421@ INDI 1 NAME Zwenibold /De Carinthia/ 2 GIVN Zwenibold 2 SURN De Carinthia 2 NSFX king of Lotharingia 1 NAME Zwentibold // 2 GIVN Zwentibold 2 SURN 2 NSFX King Of Lorraine 1 NAME /De Carinthia/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN De Carinthia 2 NSFX King of Lotharingia 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 870 1 DEAT 2 DATE 900 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 47999B8257424E22BEB5CDB1A5319E097435 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F68745@ 1 FAMC @F69104@ 0 @I4424@ INDI 1 NAME Manfredo or Manfred Berengarius /Di Lombardy/ 2 GIVN Manfredo or Manfred Berengarius 2 SURN Di Lombardy 2 NSFX Marchess di Lombardy, count di Milano 1 NAME Manfredo /Di Lodi/ 2 GIVN Manfredo 2 SURN Di Lodi 1 NAME Manfredo /Di Milano/ 2 GIVN Manfredo 2 SURN Di Milano 1 NAME /Di Mosezzo/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Di Mosezzo 2 NSFX Marquis De Lombardy 1 NAME Manfredo /Di Mosezzo/ 2 GIVN Manfredo 2 SURN Di Mosezzo 2 NSFX marquis de Lombardy 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 855 1 DEAT 2 DATE 886 2 CAUS beheaded by Lambert 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN Count of the Sacred Palace of Lodi & Milan 2 TYPE Titles 1 _UID 670A7D6B8E674BF49281E06D2DDBC3D088F5 1 SLGC 2 DATE cigiSubmitted 20 Apr 2005 (10) #3 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F69931@ 0 @I4427@ INDI 1 NAME Ottokar I /Von Carinthia/ 2 GIVN Ottokar I 2 SURN Von Carinthia 2 NSFX count of Carinthia, Graf im Leobental 1 NAME Ottokar /Im Karamantanien/ 2 GIVN Ottokar 2 SURN Im Karamantanien 2 NSFX count 1 NAME /Von Carinthia/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Carinthia 2 NSFX Count Of Carinthia 1 NAME Ottoker I /Von Chiemgau/ 2 GIVN Ottoker I 2 SURN Von Chiemgau 1 NAME Otaker /Von Steiermark/ 2 GIVN Otaker 2 SURN Von Steiermark 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 857 1 DEAT 2 DATE 6 Aug 907 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 5033BC5840DD4529BAEB1D71D0E963C53605 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1724@ 1 FAMC @F1730@ 1 NOTE @NI4427@ 0 @NI4427@ NOTE 1 CONC Stuart, Roderick W., Royalty for Commoners, 2002, p. 65. 0 @I4429@ INDI 1 NAME Rihni /Von Botenstein/ 2 GIVN Rihni 2 SURN Von Botenstein 1 NAME /Von Traungau/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Von Traungau 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 850 1 DEAT 2 DATE Aft 909 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 5CC4DAD3C4CB4320A1EE50BC7288C493AB17 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1724@ 1 FAMC @F1729@ 0 @I4442@ INDI 1 NAME Thendachildo /Von Prun/ 2 GIVN Thendachildo 2 SURN Von Prun 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 760 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID D7FE9AC29E334C7EADF17935FA8E9974ADAD 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1736@ 0 @I4895@ INDI 1 NAME Ermengarde /De Lorraine/ 2 GIVN Ermengarde 2 SURN De Lorraine 1 NAME /Of Lorraine/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Lorraine 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 947 2 PLAC Lorraine, France 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID ED61B0BBA1F448FE8302EE017F71B4701C4A 1 BAPL 2 DATE 23 Jun 1995 2 TEMP LANGE 1 ENDL 2 DATE 9 Mar 1996 2 TEMP LANGE 1 SLGC 2 DATE 17 Apr 1996 2 TEMP LANGE 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F62973@ 1 FAMC @F2048@ 0 @I4896@ INDI 1 NAME Arsakes III /Of Armenia/ 2 GIVN Arsakes III 2 SURN Of Armenia 2 NSFX king of Armenia 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 370 2 PLAC , , Armenia 1 DEAT 2 DATE 389 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 8B4C38CF8384464782D1DE95B6C1D357D9BE 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F7493@ 1 FAMC @F70863@ 1 NOTE @NI4896@ 0 @NI4896@ NOTE 1 CONC Settipani, Christian, Nos Ancetres de L'Antiquite, Etudes d 1 CONC es possibilites de 1 CONT liens genealogiques entre les familles de l'Antiquite. Pari 1 CONC s: Editions 1 CONT Christian, 1991. NYPL #ARB-93-7430. 1 CONT 1 CONT Wagner, Anthony, Pedigree and Progress, Essays in the Genea 1 CONC logical 1 CONT Interpretation of History, London, Philmore, 1975. Rutger 1 CONC s Alex CS4.W33. 0 @I4900@ INDI 1 NAME Guthrum /Of Denmark/ 2 GIVN Guthrum 2 SURN Of Denmark 1 NAME /Of Denmark/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Denmark 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 835 2 PLAC , , Denmark 1 DEAT 2 DATE Aft 886 2 PLAC East Anglia, England 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID C64FDBFD76DF4B2494EB889EA0D8B957DE47 1 BAPL 2 DATE 29 Jan 1992 2 TEMP ARIZO 1 ENDL 2 DATE 7 Feb 1992 2 TEMP ARIZO 1 SLGC 2 DATE 25 Feb 1992 2 TEMP ARIZO 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F2038@ 1 FAMC @F68096@ 0 @I4903@ INDI 1 NAME Miss /Haroldsdottir/ 2 GIVN Miss 2 SURN Haroldsdottir 1 NAME /Haroldsdottir/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Haroldsdottir 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 840 2 PLAC , , Denmark 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 90CC58556DD241D09454D0BD94839D1EA0BF 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F2038@ 0 @I4907@ INDI 1 NAME Guthrom Gormsson /Of Denmark/ 2 GIVN Guthrom Gormsson 2 SURN Of Denmark 1 NAME /Of Denmark/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Denmark 1 SEX M 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID D37822C65E7B4901813D44F0DB8A4B8F87E0 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMC @F2035@ 0 @I4910@ INDI 1 NAME Gunnhild /Gormsdatter/ 2 GIVN Gunnhild 2 SURN Gormsdatter 2 NSFX queen of Norway 1 NAME /Of Denmark/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Denmark 1 NAME Gunnhild /Of Denmark/ 2 GIVN Gunnhild 2 SURN Of Denmark 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE Abt 880 2 PLAC Blauzahn, Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE Aft 970 2 PLAC Orkney, Orkney Islands, Scotland 1 AFN XL4H-RM 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Alt. Birth 2 PLAC Halogaland, Finland 1 EVEN 2 TYPE Alt Death 2 PLAC , Hals, Aalborg, Denmark 1 _UID 2A64EC133FAD47CFA2A4B6110D7BEDBFD02E 1 BAPL 2 DATE 8 Nov 1930 2 TEMP SLAKE 1 ENDL 2 DATE 20 Nov 1930 2 TEMP SLAKE 1 SLGC 2 DATE 12 Feb 1996 2 TEMP SLAKE 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F2045@ 1 FAMC @F2035@ 1 NOTE @NI4910@ 0 @NI4910@ NOTE 1 CONC The Heimskringla shows Gunnhild as daughter of Ozur Tot, a 1 CONC s does Stammtafeln. 1 CONT 1 CONT Brian Tompsett at the University of Hull also says "somewhe 1 CONC re I got the idea that Gorm the Old was her father." 1 CONT 1 CONT Lori Garner Elmore shows her as daughter of Gorm the Old, K 1 CONC ing of Denmark, sister of Harald Bluetooth King of Denmark. 0 @I4476@ INDI 1 NAME Wulgrud /Of Paris/ 2 GIVN Wulgrud 2 SURN Of Paris 2 NSFX Lady of Paris 1 NAME /Of Paris/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Paris 2 NSFX Lady Of Paris 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 540 2 PLAC of Paris, Seine, France 1 DEAT Y 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 624B87372FCB460A83EFD3A3F95C2EB7D782 1 BAPL 2 DATE 22 Apr 2003 2 TEMP SEATT 1 ENDL 2 DATE 23 Apr 2003 2 TEMP SEATT 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1723@ 0 @I4484@ INDI 1 NAME Agathocles II /Of Thrace/ 2 GIVN Agathocles II 2 SURN Of Thrace 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 PLAC , , Macedonia 1 DEAT 2 DATE 283 B.C. 2 CAUS Murdered 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID 1DD5473AE01D4E19AF8C36110763C5038B82 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F1758@ 1 FAMC @F81531@ 0 @I4485@ INDI 1 NAME Arsinoe II /Of Thrace/ 2 GIVN Arsinoe II 2 SURN Of Thrace 2 NSFX queen of Thrace and Egypt 1 NAME /Of Thrace/ 2 GIVN 2 SURN Of Thrace 2 NSFX Queen of Thrace and Egypt 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 316 B.C. 2 PLAC , , Macedonia 1 DEAT 2 DATE 270 B.C. 2 PLAC , , Egypt 1 SOUR @S16@ 2 PAGE 311 2 QUAY 3 1 SOUR @S2@ 1 _UID FEA3C6AAE9C84E94B5964716BAC50D946C66 1 CHAN 2 DATE 9 Feb 2006 3 TIME 00:10 1 FAMS @F81529@ 1 FAMS @F25766@ 1 FAMC @F84569@ 1 NOTE @NI4485@ 0 @NI4485@ NOTE 1 CONC Arsinoe II 1 CONT 1 CONT 1 CONT Arsinoe II, coin, 270-250 Bc; in the British Museum 1 CONT 1 CONT b. c. 316 BC d. July 270 BC 1 CONT daughter of Berenice and Ptolemy I Soter, founder of the Ma 1 CONC cedonian (Ptolemaic) dynasty in Egypt; as queen of Thrace a 1 CONC nd later wife of her brother, King Ptolemy II Philadelphu 1 CONC s of Egypt, she ruthlessly used her two husbands to advanc 1 CONC e her own position and eventually wielded great power in bo 1 CONC th kingdoms. 1 CONT In 300 BC Arsinoe was married to Lysimachus, the king of Th 1 CONC race, who renamed Ephesus after her and gave her three citi 1 CONC es on the Black Sea, as well as Cassandrea, a city in north 1 CONC ern Greece. She strove to secure the succession of the Thra 1 CONC cian kingdom for the eldest of her three sons by accusing t 1 CONC he heir apparent, Agathocles, the king's son by an earlie 1 CONC r marriage, of plotting to kill his father. When the old an 1 CONC d suspicious king ordered him executed, an ally of Agathocl 1 CONC es in Asia Minor, the governor of Pergamum, requested aid f 1 CONC rom the Seleucid ruler Seleucus I Nicator, and war broke ou 1 CONC t between Thrace and the Middle Eastern Seleucid kingdom. A 1 CONC fter Lysimachus' death in battle (281), Arsinoe fled to Cas 1 CONC sandrea. After assassinating Seleucus, Ptolemy Ceraunus (Ar 1 CONC sinoe's half brother) cajoled her into marrying him, but, o 1 CONC n entering Cassandrea, he promptly executed her two younge 1 CONC r sons. Arsinoe escaped and eventually went to Alexandria ( 1 CONC c. 279) to advance her fortune. 1 CONT Soon after her arrival in Egypt, Ptolemy II's first queen w 1 CONC as accused, probably at Arsinoe's instigation, of plottin 1 CONC g his murder and was exiled. Arsinoe then married her own b 1 CONC rother (c. 277), a customary practice in Egypt but scandalo 1 CONC us to the Greeks. "Philadelphoi" ("Brother-Loving") consequ 1 CONC ently was added to the names of Ptolemy and Arsinoe. 1 CONT Arsinoe's influence in the Egyptian government grew very sw 1 CONC iftly. She contributed to Ptolemy's victory in the First Sy 1 CONC rian War (274-271 BC) between Egypt and the Seleucid realm 1 CONC . Argaeus, Ptolemy's brother, and a half brother were execu 1 CONC ted on the familiar charge of conspiracy. 1 CONT Arsinoe shared all of Ptolemy's titles, appeared on the coi 1 CONC nage alone and with her husband, and had her own throne nam 1 CONC e. Towns were named after her in Greece, and dedications t 1 CONC o her were made at numerous places in Greece and Egypt. 1 CONT According to Egyptian custom, which recognized the living r 1 CONC ulers as deities in their own right, Arsinoe was probably d 1 CONC eified within her lifetime. After her death in 270, her cul 1 CONC t was established in numerous places, including Alexandria 1 CONC , the Ptolemaic capital, where a great shrine, the Arsinoei 1 CONC on, was dedicated to her. Toward the end of Ptolemy II's re 1 CONC ign, a province, Al-Fayyum, southwest of Cairo, where the k 1 CONC ing had done much land reclamation, was renamed in her hono 1 CONC ur as the Arsinoite province. 1 CONT 1 CONT ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 CONC ------------------------------------------- 1 CONT 1 CONT Arsinoë before she was Philadelphus E. D. Carney (Clemson U 1 CONC niversity) The Ancient History Bulletin 8.4 (1994) <../ahb 1 CONC 8/ahb-8.html>123-131 1 CONT 1 CONT — 123 — Our tradition about the early career of Arsino 1 CONC ë, daughter of Ptolemy Soter, is the stuff of a bad fiction 1 CONC : hairsbreadth escapes in disguise; seductive step-mothers 1 CONC ; incest, or semi-incest; family murder with perhaps a litt 1 CONC le torture for good measure; generational conflict; assorte 1 CONC d reversals of fortune; even child-murder. Not coincidental 1 CONC ly, most scholarly attention directed at Arsinoë has focuse 1 CONC d not on these entertainingly lurid events or alleged event 1 CONC s but rather on the more decorous, dignified, and rather qu 1 CONC iet period of Arsinoë's life after her return to Egypt.1 T 1 CONC rue, she did marry her full brother, the second Ptolemy, bu 1 CONC t the marriage has usually been understood as an affair o 1 CONC f state rather than a consequence of incestuous passion, mo 1 CONC re dull than scandalous.2 Arsinoë's deification, lifetime o 1 CONC r no, and her political power after her marriage to Ptolem 1 CONC y II are indeed matters of importance, but in this pape 1 CONC r I want to focus on Arsinoë's life prior to her return t 1 CONC o Egypt and on her role in the decline of royal polygamy i 1 CONC n the period in which the Successors of Alexander graduall 1 CONC y died off and were replaced by their sons and grandsons 1 CONC . My first point is a simple but important one. Arsinoë' 1 CONC s entire remarkable career was shaped by the context of he 1 CONC r early years: the gradually more ruthless competition betw 1 CONC een her mother Berenice and her offspring and her father' 1 CONC s other wife, Eurydice, daughter of Antipater, and her off- 1 CONC spring. (This competition may have had a similarly strong i 1 CONC nfluence on the actions and decisions of her full brother P 1 CONC tolemy and her half siblings Ptolemy Ceraunus and Lysandra 1 CONC ; see below.) Berenice used to be considered a mistress o 1 CONC f Ptolemy's, but, just as Plutarch says it was (Demetr. an 1 CONC d Ant. 4. 1), the situation at Ptolemy Soter's court was mu 1 CONC ch like that of Philip II's, with various wives and their o 1 CONC ff-spring jockeying for position in a fluid situation.3 I 1 CONC t was a contest that 1 CONT 1 CONT — 124 — Berenice and her off-spring ultimately won, bu 1 CONC t their victory was not certain until c. 285 when Berenice' 1 CONC s son, the future Philadelphus, became co-king with his fat 1 CONC her, thus obviously displacing Eurydice's son, Ptolemy Cera 1 CONC unus.4 Since Arsinooe left her father's court for marriag 1 CONC e to Lysimachus around 300 (Plut. Demetr. 31. 3), her yout 1 CONC h was spent in the early and presumably more stressful an 1 CONC d less successful stages of the struggle for dynastic domin 1 CONC ance. In the court of her first husband, the aging Lysimac 1 CONC hus, the dynastic struggles which had marked Arsinoë's yout 1 CONC h continued in a different venue and with a second generati 1 CONC on, but not, perhaps, immediately. At first, Arsinoë was pr 1 CONC obably the dominant woman at Lysimachus' court. He put awa 1 CONC y his Persian wife, Amastris, for Arsinoë's sake (Memnon FG 1 CONC rHist 434 F 4.9) and Nicaea, his first wife and yet anothe 1 CONC r daughter of Antipater, may well have been dead by the tim 1 CONC e of Arsinoë's marriage, although we should not automatical 1 CONC ly assume that she was, granted that Plutarch (Demetr. an 1 CONC d Ant. 4. 1) also considers Lysimachus a polygamist).5 Lysi 1 CONC machus also had an Odrysian wife by whom he had a son, bu 1 CONC t neither she nor her son were likely to threaten the statu 1 CONC s of Arsinoë and her sons (Paus. 1. 10. 4; App. Syr. 64). T 1 CONC here are indications of Arsinoë's prestige. Lysimachus rena 1 CONC med Ephesus after his young wife (Strabo 14. 1. 21).6 Arsin 1 CONC oë had access to considerable wealth, at least in part beca 1 CONC use of gifts from her husband.7 1 CONT 1 CONT — 125 — By the mid-280s tensions and competition at co 1 CONC urt had grown considerably. Lysimachus could not reasonabl 1 CONC y be expected to live much longer and his son by Nicaea, Ag 1 CONC athocles, was an adult, a successful general with childre 1 CONC n of his own. The mother of these children was none other t 1 CONC han Arsinoë's half-sister Lysandra, the daughter of her mot 1 CONC her's rival Eurydice. Arsinoë herself had three sons, the e 1 CONC ldest of these on the verge of adulthood.8 Arsinoë was no l 1 CONC onger obviously the dominant royal woman in Lysimachus' cou 1 CONC rt and it was now clear that she could not count on the suc 1 CONC cession of any of her sons to their father's throne. This s 1 CONC ituation precipitated a dynastic struggle more vicious tha 1 CONC n that of their mothers, a struggle which pitted the daught 1 CONC ers of Eurydice and Berenice (and their families) against e 1 CONC ach other.9 It is likely but not certain that this struggl 1 CONC e was exacerbated by the arrival about this time at Lysimac 1 CONC hus' court of Lysandra's brother Ptolemy Ceraunus, fresh fr 1 CONC om his father's rejection of him as his heir in favor of Ar 1 CONC sinoë's full brother.10 In any event, the struggle ended c 1 CONC . 283-2 in what proved to be a Pyrrhic victory for Arsino 1 CONC ë and her sons. The sources for these events are poor and c 1 CONC ontradictory.11 In general, I favor the interpretation of L 1 CONC und and share her doubts about the wisdom of preferring on 1 CONC e dubious source over another.12 Lysimachus was the one wh 1 CONC o had the power to decide the succession; Arsinoë could onl 1 CONC y attempt to sway him. It is almost 1 CONT 1 CONT — 126 — certain that Agathocles was killed at his fath 1 CONC er's command13 and likely, as Heinen has argued, that Arsin 1 CONC oë's son by Lysimachus, another Ptolemy, had a role in th 1 CONC e elimination of his rival.14 While few would not accept th 1 CONC e tradition that attribute's Arsinoë's role in the struggl 1 CONC e to her spurned, Phaedra-like passion for her step-son Aga 1 CONC thocles (Paus. 1. 10. 3), that more plausible part of the t 1 CONC radition which has her urging her own son's interests again 1 CONC st those of Agathocles with her husband is, reasonably enou 1 CONC gh, usually accepted.15 What is unfortunate is that even r 1 CONC ecent scholarship has tended to pick sides in this nasty dy 1 CONC nastic feud and to choose "good guys" and "bad guys". Indee 1 CONC d, there is a general tendency to assume that those who los 1 CONC e in dynastic struggles were sweet innocents, whereas the t 1 CONC ruth is usually that both sides schemed against each othe 1 CONC r but one managed to succeed and the other did not. Pausani 1 CONC as (1. 10. 3) speaks of Arsinoë's fear of Agathocles for th 1 CONC e sake of her children and that is suggestive: had Agathocl 1 CONC es reached the throne, Arsinoë's sons would have faced deat 1 CONC h or exile and she herself would surely have lost her posit 1 CONC ion of influence and had to leave Macedonia. Neither Arsin 1 CONC oë nor her rival Lysandra had much choice in their action 1 CONC s and so discussions of the wisdom of Arsinoë's policy see 1 CONC m pointless, irrelevant to the reality of court life. She h 1 CONC ad to defeat Agathocles; defeating him did not solve all he 1 CONC r problems and actually created new ones,16 but not defeati 1 CONC ng him would have been worse. Why Lysimachus preferred hi 1 CONC s younger son by Arsinoë to the older, more experienced Aga 1 CONC thocles, who apparently had broad support within the realm 1 CONC , is more puzzling, but Lund's suggestion that Lysimachus w 1 CONC as putting off his own retirement by choosing the young hei 1 CONC r seems believable.17 One thinks of Philip II's curious tre 1 CONC atment of Alexander in the last years of his reign: compete 1 CONC nt young heirs standing just behind the king are not alway 1 CONC s endearing to the current ruler.18 It is possible that Aga 1 CONC thocles 1 CONT 1 CONT — 127 — actually was guilty of treason and was reall 1 CONC y plotting to kill his father and take over immediate rule. 1 CONC 19 In any event, the death of Agathocles provided an excus 1 CONC e for Seleucus to invade Asia Minor since Lysandra, her chi 1 CONC ldren, and probably her brother Ceraunus fled to him with c 1 CONC omplaints of the injustice of Lysimachus (Paus. 1. 10. 4) 1 CONC . Lysimachus went out to meet him and was defeated and kill 1 CONC ed at the battle of Corupedion in February of 281. In the m 1 CONC onths after the battle Arsinoë managed to escape to Macedon 1 CONC ia with her sons (Polyaen. 8. 57)20 and Ceraunus, having be 1 CONC en befriended by Seleucus, abruptly killed him and soon gai 1 CONC ned at least partial recognition as ruler of Macedonia (Pau 1 CONC s. 1. 16. 2, 10. 19. 7; Strabo 13. 4. 1; App. Syr. 62-3; Ju 1 CONC st. 17. 2. 4-5; Memnon FGrHist 434 F 8). Ceraunus next tur 1 CONC ned his attention to Arsinoë and her sons who were ensconce 1 CONC d, with some troops, in the great citadel of Cassandreia. C 1 CONC eraunus offered marriage to his half-sister (Just. 17. 2. 6 1 CONC -11; 24. 2. 3-9) and she accepted with the disastrous conse 1 CONC quence that Ceraunus murdered her two younger sons and drov 1 CONC e Arsinoë herself from Macedonia (Just. 24. 3. 1-9; Memno 1 CONC n FGrHist 434 F 8.7). We have no real knowledge of the moti 1 CONC vation of either participants in this surprising and ill-st 1 CONC arred alliance. Although the sometimes contradictory specul 1 CONC ations of Justin survive, it should be recalled that they c 1 CONC an only be speculations; neither Arsinoë nor Ceraunus are l 1 CONC ikely to have confided their thoughts to anyone, let alon 1 CONC e to anyone whose knowledge is preserved in our sources. I 1 CONC t seems obvious that Ceraunus wanted Cassandreia; Justin ha 1 CONC s been understood to suggest that Ceraunus did not necessar 1 CONC ily initially entertain sinister plans for the sons of Arsi 1 CONC noë, but rather hoped to gain popularity by the marriage.2 1 CONC 1 Since it is difficult to establish, a time-frame for thes 1 CONC e marriage negotiations, it is hard to know whether enoug 1 CONC h time passed for Ceraunus' motives to change significantly 1 CONC , but it seems unlikely. Why preserve the throne for othe 1 CONC r men's sons, especially when one of them was nearly old en 1 CONC ough to rule himself? Ceraunus' murder of Seleucus demonstr 1 CONC ates that he had already regarded murder as a handy 1 CONT 1 CONT — 128 — solution to conflicting claims to the throne 1 CONC . Whatever Justin says or meant to say, the likelihood is t 1 CONC hat Ceraunus planned from the start to do away with Arsinoë 1 CONC 's sons.22 It is hardly surprising that Ceraunus wanted t 1 CONC o marry Arsinoë; the benefits to him were obvious and no ri 1 CONC sk was apparent. It is much more puzzling that Arsinoë wa 1 CONC s willing to marry him. There can be little doubt that sh 1 CONC e saw the potential danger of the marriage. While Justin ma 1 CONC y not have gotten all the details right and although he obs 1 CONC cures the time-frame for these negotiations, it is clear fr 1 CONC om his narrative that Arsinoë did not trust Ceraunus and, b 1 CONC ecause she did not, tried various safeguards to ensure he 1 CONC r security and that of her sons. She had absolutely no reas 1 CONC on to trust Ceraunus: he was the son of her mother's rival 1 CONC , the man her full brother had to supplant to become king 1 CONC ; more recently he had probably been on the opposing side i 1 CONC n the struggle at the court of Lysimachus; he was the all 1 CONC y of her husband's enemy, the man who had destroyed him; h 1 CONC e then turned on his ally, hardly a reassuring act for some 1 CONC one who would need to trust his word. That he was also he 1 CONC r half-brother, despite Arsinoë's subsequent marriage to he 1 CONC r full brother, can hardly have been attractive; such marri 1 CONC ages, though permissible in some places in the Hellenic wor 1 CONC ld, were rare, probably not well-liked. Granted the instabi 1 CONC lity of the political situation in Macedonia, Arsinoë may h 1 CONC ave considered it yet another risk factor. One must conclu 1 CONC de, therefore, that Arsinoë, rightly or wrongly, judged he 1 CONC r situation and that of her sons, desperate or she would no 1 CONC t have considered so dubious a groom. Justin's narrative se 1 CONC ems to stress her fear of Ceraunus (see below). If Justin i 1 CONC s to be trusted, Ceraunus swore a solemn oath that he woul 1 CONC d adopt her sons, recognize their places in the succession 1 CONC , and not marry another woman or have children by another w 1 CONC omen (17. 2. 8, 24. 2. 5-9). Since these were, apparently 1 CONC , public promises, we may place some faith in Justin's acco 1 CONC unt here and it surely signifies that Arsinoë, despite th 1 CONC e near adulthood of her eldest son, did not believe that h 1 CONC e could succeed without the support of Ceraunus. It also st 1 CONC rongly suggests that Arsinoë wanted to avoid a third polyga 1 CONC mous situation and maintain a secure status for her sons an 1 CONC d herself. That Ceraunus offered a guarantee against polyga 1 CONC my suggests that he was well aware of the appeal of suc 1 CONC h a guarantee to a royal woman. Justin also offers an expl 1 CONC anation of Arsinoë's motivation. This, again, can only be s 1 CONC peculation by Justin, Trogus, or a source, but he does repo 1 CONC rt that she acted both because she feared Ceraunus' wrath a 1 CONC nd therefore sought protection for her sons through this ma 1 CONC rriage (24. 2. 3-7) and because she wanted to regain the ti 1 CONC tle of regina (24. 2. 9, 3. 3). I believe he is mistaken i 1 CONC n the latter suggestion;23 it was the clout and 1 CONT 1 CONT — 129 — the security of being a king's wife that she s 1 CONC ought for herself, as well as the throne for her sons. App 1 CONC arently her oldest son did not agree with Arsinoë's evaluat 1 CONC ion of their situation. Justin says that he suspected Cerau 1 CONC nus' fraud and objected to his mother's plans (24. 2. 10) a 1 CONC nd, since he escaped the slaughter Ceraunus meted out to hi 1 CONC s two younger brothers, it is usually assumed that Ptolem 1 CONC y the son of Lysimachus decamped before the wedding.24 Bot 1 CONC h Arsinoë and her son were right and wrong. He was right t 1 CONC o think Ceraunus was not to be trusted and she was right t 1 CONC o doubt that, acting alone, he would be able to retain th 1 CONC e throne. Did Arsinoë sacrifice her sons' interests, or a 1 CONC t least that of her oldest son, to her own, as it sometime 1 CONC s suggested? The truth seems complicated. No further contac 1 CONC t between mother and son is certain and no wonder: arguabl 1 CONC y the actions of both contributed to what neither wanted, t 1 CONC he deaths of the two younger sons of Lysimachus.25 After t 1 CONC he pain and humiliation of the marriage to Ceraunus and he 1 CONC r subsequent stay in Samothrace (Just. 24. 3. 9), Arsinoë r 1 CONC eturned to Egypt, to the court of her brother.26 There, ye 1 CONC t again, she was involved in a dynastic struggle. At some t 1 CONC ime after her return, her brother sent away his first wif 1 CONC e Arsinoë I (a daughter of Lysimachus by Nicaea and thus th 1 CONC e sister of Arsinoë's old enemy Agathocles) and married hi 1 CONC s full sister Arsinoë, daughter of Soter. While the ancien 1 CONC t sources attribute the rejection of the first Arsinoë an 1 CONC d the marriage to the second to the decision to King Ptolem 1 CONC y II (Paus. 6. 7. 1; Schol. ad Theoc. 17. 128), just as Str 1 CONC abo (13. 4. 1) attributes the elimination of Agathocles t 1 CONC o King Lysimachus, it is usually assumed, reasonably enough 1 CONC , that Arsinoë used her influence in both cases to help t 1 CONC o persuade the ruler to these decisions. Once more victorio 1 CONC us in a dynastic struggle, Arsinoë enjoyed unprecedented st 1 CONC atus and power in Egypt, although, since she had no childre 1 CONC n by her brother, she had to recognize his children by hi 1 CONC s first wife as heirs.27 1 CONT 1 CONT — 130 — Arsinoë's Macedonian career is significant pri 1 CONC marily for the information it provides about the realitie 1 CONC s and especially about the drawbacks of polygamy. Royal pol 1 CONC ygamy declined precipitately in the immediately subsequen 1 CONC t period and one wonders if the events at the court of Lysi 1 CONC machus did not significantly contribute to its decline by e 1 CONC xemplifying many of its potential dangers.28 Multiple and c 1 CONC ompeting heirs, further divided by the fact that they had d 1 CONC ifferent mothers and thus competing advocates for their suc 1 CONC cession, effectively destroyed the dynasty of Lysimachus, a 1 CONC s well as many individual members of it. Arsinoë's desperat 1 CONC e and ill-advised attempt to avoid a repetition of this sce 1 CONC nario succeeded only in repeating it. The death of Agathocl 1 CONC es and the actions leading to it must have seemed like a ca 1 CONC utionary tale, especially cautionary to other royal men an 1 CONC d women. The terms of Ceraunus' false promises to Arsinoë s 1 CONC uggest that royal women found polygamy unattractive and dan 1 CONC gerous and that Ceraunus, a man who had lost a kingdom beca 1 CONC use of the nature of royal polygamy, was well aware of that 1 CONC . Arsinoë lived through three separate struggles between v 1 CONC arious royal woman for dominance; shaped by her early years 1 CONC , she consistently sought to eliminate or avoid any polygam 1 CONC ous situation. The men of her family shared this troubled p 1 CONC ast and her brother, by choosing her as his wife, not onl 1 CONC y rejected polygamy but, by reinstituting royal sibling mar 1 CONC riage, chose its extreme opposite, a form of marriage whic 1 CONC h intensely consolidated the dynasty rather than extendin 1 CONC g it and thus dividing it as polygamy did.29 Plutarch (Mor 1 CONC . 178f) preserves a doubtless apocryphal anecdote in whic 1 CONC h Alexander, having complained to Philip about his habit o 1 CONC f having children by many wives, is advised by his father t 1 CONC hat such competition is beneficial since it will mean tha 1 CONC t he has acquired the kingdom through his own accomplishmen 1 CONC ts, not these of his father. The descendants of the Success 1 CONC ors, the men and women of the Hellenistic dynasties which r 1 CONC uled states with diverse populations and cultures, saw no 1 CONC t benefit but danger and 1 CONT 1 CONT — 131 — disunity in the royal polygamy which had chara 1 CONC cterized old Macedonia, and, increasingly, they avoided it 1 CONC , preferring the risk of there being too few heirs to the p 1 CONC roblems which developed when there were too many.30 1 CONT 1 CONT Footnotes 1 On Arsinoë's general career, see S. M. Burs 1 CONC tein, 'Arsinoë II Philadelphos: A Revisionist View', in W 1 CONC . L. Adams and E. N. Borza, edd., Philip II, Alexander th 1 CONC e Great and the Macedonian Heritage (Washington, D.C., 1982 1 CONC ), 197-212, as well as S. B. Pomeroy, Women in Hellenisti 1 CONC c Egypt From Alexander to Cleopatra (New York, 1984), 16-2 1 CONC 0 for discussion and references. G. Longega, Arsinoë II (Ro 1 CONC me, 1968), is less useful. For the period before Arsinoë' 1 CONC s return to Egypt, see H. Lund, Lysimachus, A Study in Earl 1 CONC y Hellenistic Kingship (London and New York, 1992), and H 1 CONC . Heinen, Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen Geschichte de 1 CONC s 3 Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Historia Einzelschriften 20 (Wies 1 CONC baden, 1972), passim. Return to text 2 See E. D. Carney, ' 1 CONC The Reappearance of Royal Sibling Marriage in Ptolemaic Egy 1 CONC pt', PdP 237 (1987), 420-39. Return to text 3 See, for ins 1 CONC tance, P. Green, Alexander to Actium: the Historical Evolut 1 CONC ion of the Hellenistic Age (Berkeley, 1990), 119, especiall 1 CONC y n.4, who argues that Ptolemy I may not have repudiated Eu 1 CONC rydice until long after he married Berenice, remarking tha 1 CONC t 'the Successors made their own rules' and that the exampl 1 CONC es of Philip and Alexander gave an obvious model. W. M. Ell 1 CONC is, Ptolemy of Egypt (London, 1994), 42, 45, takes a simila 1 CONC r view. Pomeroy 13 considers Berenice a wife and notes tha 1 CONC t the distinction between wife and concubine remained as bl 1 CONC urred as they had in the days of Philip. G. H. Macurdy, Hel 1 CONC lenistic Queens (Baltimore, 1932), 105-6, rejects the vie 1 CONC w of Berenice as mistress, citing the old Macedonian custo 1 CONC m of polygamy, and observes, that 'It may be that Berenic 1 CONC e was queen of some sort from 316 BC' on, but not exclusiv 1 CONC e queen. Macurdy also notes that Ptolemy was apparently wil 1 CONC ling to consider marrying Alexander's sister Cleopatra in 3 1 CONC 08 and perhaps Cratesipolis as well. (Her assumption tha 1 CONC t a title which might be translated 'queen' existed in 31 1 CONC 6 in dubious; see E. D. Carney, '"What's in a Name?" The Em 1 CONC ergence of a Title for Royal Women in the Hellenistic Perio 1 CONC d', in S. B. Pomeroy, Women's History and Ancient History [ 1 CONC Chapel Hill, 1991], 154-72). For the 'power struggle' betwe 1 CONC en the children of Eurydice and Berenice cf. also W. Heckel 1 CONC , 'The Granddaughters of Iolaus', Classicum 15 (1989), 32-9 1 CONC , esp. 34-6. Return to text 4 Plutarch's report (Pyrrh. 4 1 CONC . 4) that Pyrrhus, about 298, concluded that Berenice has t 1 CONC he greatest power, virtue, and understanding of all Ptolemy 1 CONC 's women (and his willingness to act on the conclusion) str 1 CONC ongly suggest that Berenice had begun to edge ahead of he 1 CONC r rival by about this date. Eurydice may never have been re 1 CONC jected; certainly her presence in Miletus in 287 for her da 1 CONC ughter Ptolemais' wedding to Demetrius is not evidence tha 1 CONC t she had been. She may have left when her son Ceraunus wa 1 CONC s supplanted by Berenice's as heir, something not certain t 1 CONC o have happened until 285. Return to text 5 Burstein 199 1 CONC , n.7, cautions that the date of her death is not certain 1 CONC . His reference to the basilissa title in this context is n 1 CONC ot helpful since we do not have a genuine inscription fro 1 CONC m the 290s attesting either woman as basilissa and we canno 1 CONC t be sure it was, in any event, an exclusive title withi 1 CONC n a kingdom, especially at that early date. Return to tex 1 CONC t 6 Burstein 198, despite the Strabo passage, suggests tha 1 CONC t the city's new name referred to Lysimachus' similarly nam 1 CONC ed daughter. See Lund 175 for reference to a second city, i 1 CONC n Aetolia, named after Arsinoë. On eponymous foundations fo 1 CONC r women, see E. D. Carney, 'Eponymous women; Royal Women an 1 CONC d City Names', AHB 2 (1988), 134-42. Return to text 7 Sh 1 CONC e is often said to have controlled cities (e.g. Macurdy 113 1 CONC ; Pomeroy, Women in Hellenistic Egypt 14). Lund 194 rightl 1 CONC y points out that it is certain only that Lysimachus gave h 1 CONC er Heracleia c. 284 (Memnon FGrHist 434 F 5.4-5), and tha 1 CONC t even this gift may have entailed only revenues and not di 1 CONC rect rule. Many cities named after women were never ruled b 1 CONC y them and Arsinoë's presence in Cassandreia soon after Lys 1 CONC imachus' death (see below) and her role there may speak onl 1 CONC y to her ability to pay mercenaries. Arsinooe paid for a la 1 CONC rge structure, the Arsinoëum, at Samothrace, as an offerin 1 CONC g to the Great Gods (OGIS 15 = IG XII 227). While some hav 1 CONC e believed that Arsinoë did not fund this structure until h 1 CONC er return to Egypt (G. Roux in 'The History of the Rotunda' 1 CONC , in J. R. McCredie, G. Roux, G. Shaw, S. M. and J. Kurtisc 1 CONC h, Samothrace, VII [Princeton, 1981], 231-9), most date i 1 CONC t to the reign of Lysimachus (P. M. Fraser, Samothrace, Th 1 CONC e Inscriptions on Stone, II. 1 [New York, 1960], 51; Burste 1 CONC in 199; S. G. Cole, Theoi Megaloi: The Cult of the Great Go 1 CONC ds at Samothrace [Leiden, 1984], 22; Lund 168). Return t 1 CONC o text 8 Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Philip. Justin (24. 3. 5 1 CONC ) says that Lysimachus was 16 and Philip 13 at the time Pto 1 CONC lemy Ceraunus murdered them c. 280. Heinen 10, thereafter s 1 CONC uggests that her oldest son, Ptolemy, was born sometimes be 1 CONC tween her marriage c. 300 and 297/6, the date of the birt 1 CONC h of the second brother. Return to text 9 Macurdy 57 sugge 1 CONC sts that they may have perpetuated girlhood rivalries; thi 1 CONC s is too light-hearted at interpretation. The two young wom 1 CONC en had come to maturity in the midst of a very real power s 1 CONC truggle between their mothers, primarily over which of thei 1 CONC r brothers would succeed to their father's position. Each s 1 CONC ister would show continued allegiance to her respective ful 1 CONC l brother's future. Return to text 10 On the conflicting a 1 CONC nd ambiguous testimony of Appian, Nepos, and Memnon on th 1 CONC e chronological relationship between Ceraunus' visit to Sel 1 CONC eucus and his stay at Lysimachus' court, see further Heine 1 CONC n 4, who argues that he went to Seleucus only after his res 1 CONC idence in Lysimachus' court, contra R. M. Errington, Histor 1 CONC y of Macedonia (Berkeley, 1990), 157. Return to text 11 Fo 1 CONC r instance, Memnon (FGrHist 434 F 5.6) says that Arsinoë tr 1 CONC ied to kill Agathocles by poisoning but that Ptolemy did i 1 CONC t when poison failed, whereas Justin says that Agathocles r 1 CONC eally was poisoned by Arsinoë (17. 1. 4) and Strabo (13. 4 1 CONC . 1) says that Lysimachus was forced to kill Agathocles. Pa 1 CONC us. 1. 10. 3 blames Arsinoë and claims that Lysimachus wa 1 CONC s innocent. Heinen 4-19 and Lund 184-206 provide the best d 1 CONC iscussions of the period and the problems of the sources 1 CONC . Return to text 12 Lund 91, 194, 187-9, argues convincing 1 CONC ly against the validity of choosing one source to the exclu 1 CONC sion of others and warns of the dangers of sources demonstr 1 CONC ably colored by literary topoi and sexual stereotypes. Ret 1 CONC urn to text 13 Lund's argument (193-5) that the ultimate de 1 CONC cision must have been Lysimachus' is an important and persu 1 CONC asive one, but her apparent assumption that influence canno 1 CONC t be power is dubious; it would be more reasonable to under 1 CONC stand influence as a kind of power, but a kind particularl 1 CONC y difficult to document and define. See further Pomeroy, Wo 1 CONC men in Hellenistic Egypt, 18-19. Arsinoë seems to have ha 1 CONC d power through her ability to influence the king, but lack 1 CONC ed his authority. Return to text 14 Heinen 10-16 first sug 1